Respiratory Physiology 2

Question 1

The number of times you breathe in and out is

Answer 1

Respiratory frequency

Question 2

What is the normal rf

Answer 2

12 breathe per minute

Question 3

The amount of air you take in and out in one breath is

Answer 3

Tidal volume

Question 4

What the is the tidal volume in humans

Answer 4

500ml

Question 5

Acccessory muscles of inspiration?

Answer 5

Sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles(anterior middle and posterior scalene)

Question 6

During active expiration which muscles are responsible

Answer 6

Internal IM, external oblique, abdominal recti, transverse abdominis, internal oblique

Question 7

During inspiration, what do the upper and lower external intercostal muscles change respectively

Answer 7

Anterior posterior dimension of upper ribs and lateral dimension of lower ribs. Move ribs upwards and outwards

Question 8

Durinh inspiration what happens to the diaphragm

Answer 8

Flattens. Increases vertical dimension of the thorax
NB: controls about 70 to 75 percent of inspiratory effort therefore phrenic nerve controls 70 to 75 oercent of inspiratory effort

Question 9

What is the bicycle pump handle effect

Answer 9

Hemi diagrams increase the vertical dimension of thorax

Question 10

Water pump handle effect

Answer 10

By the upper ribs. Increase in the anterior posterior diameter of thorax

Question 11

Water bucket handle effect

Answer 11

Increase in the lateral diameter by outward rotation of lower ribs

Question 12

When external intercostal muscles two things happen

Answer 12

1. Raise ribs. Diameter of chest wall increases

2. Ribs rotate(bucket handle movement)

Question 13

Ventilation is more diaphragmatic is neonates. why

Answer 13

1. Poorly developed intercostal muscles
2. Cartilagenous ribs are horizontally aligned(ot is oblique nature of adult ribs that allows for water bucket handle movement)

Side note. Abdominal distension leads to splinting of diaphragm leading to respiratory failure

Question 14

Normal expiration is brought about by

Answer 14

Elastic recoil of thoracic wall

Question 15

In forced expiration, what happens

Answer 15

Abdominal muscles eg abdominal recti contract. Moving abdominal contents in. Moving diaphragm up. Leading to reduction of volume in thoracic cage

Question 16

Adult humans complete how many breath cycles in a minute

Answer 16

10 to 16. Children complete more and people with respiratory diseases

Question 17

Expiration is driven by

Answer 17

Elastic recoil of the thoracic wall

Question 18

Function of scalene

Sternocleidomastood

Answer 18

Elevates the first two ribs
Elevates sternum

Anterior serrati elevate the upper ribs

Question 19

Function of internal intercostals in expiration

Answer 19

Contract to pull the rib cage downward and reduce volume

Note, at the same time, abdominal recti contract yo push contents of abdomen up and reduce volume in rib cage as well

Question 20

Tpp formula

Answer 20

Alveolar pressure(intrapulmonary pressure) - intrapleural pressure

Question 21

Negative pressure ventilation

Answer 21

Dropping the intrapleural pressure. Ventilators apply this in the physiological space