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Biology 224 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the constant urgent need of O2 in animals?

A

Respiration: Exchange of respiratory gases - oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

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2
Q

What are the three types of respiration?

A
  • External respiration
  • Internal respiration
  • Cellular respiration
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3
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Transport of O2 into and CO2 out of the body

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4
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Transports O2 into and CO2 out of cells

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Intracellular catabolic reactions that convert stored energy to ATP

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6
Q

What is the function of a gas-exchange membrane?

A

Separates internal tissues from the environmental medium (air or water)

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7
Q

What does Fick’s Law help determine?

A

The diffusion rate of gases based on concentration gradients

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8
Q

What factors influence the diffusion rate according to Fick’s Law?

A
  • C1 & C2 (Regions of high and low concentrations)
  • A (Diffusion Area)
  • X (Distance separating the concentration regions)
  • D (Diffusion coefficient)
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9
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in atmospheric air?

A

160 mmHg

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10
Q

What is the relationship between oxygen requirement and animal size?

A

Oxygen requirement increases with mass

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11
Q

How does diffusion limit respiration in larger animals?

A

Diffusion distance increases while surface area gets proportionately smaller

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12
Q

What adaptations do larger animals require for respiration?

A

Specialized gas-exchange membranes with larger areas and lower thickness

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13
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

Total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is the sum of individual pressures exerted by each gas

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14
Q

What is the effect of high altitude on oxygen pressure?

A

Reduces the inspired pressure of oxygen, not the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere

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15
Q

Why is water-breathing energetically more expensive than air-breathing?

A
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16
Q

What are gills in water-breathing animals?

A

Invaginations of the body that increase diffusion area

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17
Q

What is the function of operculum in fish?

A

Opens to allow water flow over gills during respiration

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18
Q

What is countercurrent flow in fish gills?

A

Blood and water move in opposite directions for efficient gas exchange

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19
Q

What is the tracheal system in insects?

A

Invaginations of the outer epidermis that branch and allow gas exchange

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20
Q

What limits the size of tissue in insects regarding gas exchange?

A

Length of tissue diffusion path

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21
Q

What is the respiratory system of birds characterized by?

A

Air sacs and lungs with crosscurrent exchange

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22
Q

What happens during inhalation in birds?

A

Most oxygen flows directly to the posterior air sacs

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The diffusion rate of a gas is proportional to its _______ within the total gas mixture.

A

partial pressure

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24
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The trachea is a tube that conducts air to and from the lungs.

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25
During the first inhalation, where does most of the oxygen flow?
Most of the oxygen flows directly to the posterior air sacs.
26
What happens during the following exhalation after the first inhalation?
Both anterior and posterior air sacs contract.
27
In the second inhalation, what type of air moves into the anterior air sacs?
Deoxygenated air from the lungs.
28
What is expelled during the second exhalation?
Air from anterior sacs is expelled to the outside through the trachea.
29
What is cross-current gas exchange?
Blood flow branches into multiple streams, meeting the air along only part of the air's path.
30
What is the PO2 of blood leaving the breathing organ compared to that of exhaled medium?
The PO2 of blood leaving the breathing organ is higher than that of exhaled medium.
31
What is the total gas-exchange membrane area in an adult human?
Approximately 100 square meters.
32
What is Boyle's Law?
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2, where P = pressure and V = volume.
33
What is the total lung capacity (TLC) in humans?
About 5.7 L.
34
What is tidal volume (TV)?
Volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath (~0.5 L).
35
What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?
Volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal passive expiration (~2.2 L).
36
What is residual volume (RV)?
Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration (~1.2 L).
37
What is vital capacity (VC)?
Maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following maximal inspiration (~4.5 L).
38
What occurs during tidal ventilation?
Fresh, inhaled air mixes with stale air left behind from the previous breath.
39
What is the role of peripheral chemoreceptors?
They monitor PCO2, pH, and PO2.
40
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
In the aortic bodies within the aortic arch and at the bifurcation of common carotid arteries.
41
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
1. By RBC bound to Hb (>98%) 2. Dissolved O2 in plasma (<2%).
42
Why is hemoglobin needed in the blood?
Oxygen is not very soluble in plasma; hemoglobin transports large amounts of O2.
43
What is the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin?
1 g of Hb combines with 1.39 ml O2.
44
What is the effect of pH on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Low pH reduces hemoglobin’s affinity for O2.
45
What is the function of carbonic anhydrase (CA)?
Catalyzes the rapid interconversion of CO2 and H2O to bicarbonate and H+.
46
What percentage of CO2 dissolves in blood plasma?
About 10%.
47
How is most CO2 transported in the blood?
70% is converted into H+ and bicarbonate ions.
48
What happens to CO2 in the lungs?
CO2 is released from blood into alveolar air.
49
What is the significance of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve?
The sigmoid shape results from cooperativity in oxygen binding.
50
What is a right shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve?
Produced by CO2 and H+; indicates O2 unloading at tissues.
51
Fill in the blank: The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is affected by _______.
Temperature, pH, CO2.
52
True or False: Hemoglobin can bind up to 4 oxygen molecules.
True.
53
What is the shape of the dissociation curve for Hb?
Sigmoidal (S-shaped) ## Footnote This shape indicates cooperativity in oxygen binding.
54
What factors produce a right shift in the dissociation curve?
CO2 and H+ ## Footnote A right shift indicates that O2 unloads more readily at tissues where CO2 is high.
55
How is CO2 primarily transported in plasma?
As HCO3− ## Footnote Most CO2 is produced in red blood cells (RBC) with the aid of carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme.
56
What is the effect of carbon monoxide (CO) on the body?
Causes severe tissue hypoxia ## Footnote CO poisoning may eventually lead to death.
57
Fill in the blank: Most modern homes have _______ to protect us from CO poisoning.
carbon monoxide (CO) monitors or detectors
58
True or False: CO causes tissue hypoxia by increasing P_O2.
False ## Footnote CO causes tissue hypoxia by binding to hemoglobin, reducing effective oxygen transport.
59
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in CO2 transport?
Produces HCO3− in red blood cells ## Footnote CA facilitates the conversion of CO2 and water into bicarbonate.
60
What happens to O2 unloading at tissues where CO2 is high?
Increases unloading ## Footnote High CO2 and H+ concentrations promote O2 release from hemoglobin.
61
What physiological change allows more O2 to bind to Hb?
Changes in conformation of Hb molecules ## Footnote This conformational change is a result of cooperativity during O2 binding.

Biology 224 (4 decks)

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