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Week 9 > Respiratory physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory physiology Flashcards

1
Q

partial pressures rule

A

sum of the partial pressure (mmHg) of a gas must be equal to total pressure

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2
Q

atmospheric pressure at sea level

A

760 mmHg (barometric pressure)

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3
Q

partial pressure of O2 and CO2

A

PO2 = 100 +/- 2mmHg, PCO2 = 40 2+/- mmHg

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4
Q

ventilation at rest

A

~6L/min (~12 breath/ min, 500ml/breath)

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5
Q

gas exchange at rest

A

~250ml/min O2 consumed
~200ml/ min CO2 expelled

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6
Q

ventilation walking

A

~10ml/min (15~ breaths/min, 600ml/breath)

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7
Q

gas exchange walking

A

~5000ml/min )2 consumed
~6000ml/min CO2 consumed

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8
Q

respiratory muscles - inspiration

A

diaphragm (major inspiratory)
- dome-shaped skeletal muscle
scalenus (elevate and fix upper ribs)
parastomal intercartilaginous muscles (elevate muscle)
external intercostals (elevate ribs

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9
Q

respiratory muscles - expiration

A

abdominal muscles (depress lower ribs, compress abdominal contents)
- rectus abdominis
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transvers abdominis

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10
Q

quiet breathing - inspiration

A

ACTIVE
1- diaphragm contracts downwards
2- this pushes abdominal contents outwards
3- external intercostal muscles contract and internal intercostal muscles relax
4- this pulls the ribcage up and out
5- increased volume, decreased pressure in the lung
6- air moves down pressure gradient into the lungs

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11
Q

quiet breathing - expiration

A

passive
elastic recoil

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12
Q

strenuous breathing - inspiration

A

ACTIVE
greater contraction of diaphragm (1cm quiet breathing up to 10cm during strenuous breathing) and external intercostals
inspiratory accessory muscles active, e.g. sternocleidomastoid, alae nasi, genioglossus

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13
Q

strenuous breathing - expiration

A

ACTIVE
abdominal muscles (rectus abdominus, internal oblique, external oblique and transversus abdominus)
internal intercostal muscles oppose external intercostals by pushing ribs down and inwards

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14
Q

abbreviation for pleural pressure

A

Ppl

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15
Q

abbreviation for elastic recoil pressure

A

Pel

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16
Q

abbreviation for alveolar pressure

A

Pa

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17
Q

abbreviation for transpulmonary pressure

A

Pl

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18
Q

abbreviation for barometric pressure

A

Pb

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19
Q

pressure changes during inspiration

A

1- Beginning of inspiration, no flow (Pa=0, Pb=0)
2- Inspiratory muscles contract - ins. thoracic valve
3- Ppl becomes more negative
4- Increase in Pl
5- Lungs expand and alveolar volume increases
6- Pa becomes negative (below Pb)
7- Air flows into alveoli (from higher to lower pressure)
8- End inspiration - muscles stop contracting, thorax and alveoli stop expanding Pa=Pb, thoracic volume decreases

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20
Q

pressure changes during expiration

A

1- beginning expiration: thoracic volume decreases
2- Ppl and Pl return to pre-inspiration values
3- Thorax and lungs (Pel)
4- Air in alveoli compressed
5- Pa becomes greater than Pb

21
Q

what is the pharynx

A

conducts air to larynx
a chamber shared with the digestive tracts

22
Q

what is the role of the naval cavities + paranasal sinuses

A

filter, warm, humidify air; detect smells

23
Q

what is the larynx

A

protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords

24
Q

what is the role of the trachea

A

filters air, traps particles in mucus
cartilages keep airway open

25
Q

what are the roles of the bronchi

A

filters air, traps particles in mucus
cartilage keep airway open

26
Q

what are the lungs responsible for

A

air movement through volume changes during movement

27
Q

what are the alveoli

A

acts as sites of gas exchange between air and blood

28
Q

what type of epithelium lines the bronchioles

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

29
Q

what happens to inhaled particles in the trachea and bronchi

A

trapped in mucus
mucus moved towards mouth by beating of cilia

30
Q

what are RARs

A

rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
found in epithelium of respiratory tract
activated by dust, smoke, ammonia, oedema
afferents of vagus nerve

31
Q

describe the process of the cough reflex

A

1- stimulation of RARs by irritant
2- afferent info sent via vagus nerve to brain
3- brain send info to diaphragm = external intercostals to induce strong contraction
4- air rushes to lungs
5- abdominal muscles contract to induce expiration
6- glottis opens to forcefully release air and irritants

32
Q

respiratory unit definition

A

the basic physiological unit of the lung consisting of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

33
Q

what is alveoli composed of

A

type 1 and type 2 epithelial cells

34
Q

what are type 1 epithelial cells

A

the primary site of gas exchange
occupy 97% of SA of alveoli

35
Q

what are type 2 epithelial cells

A

septal cells
occupy 3% of SA
produce pulmonary surfactant (reduces surface tension)

36
Q

what are alveolar macrophages

A

cells that remove debris in alveoli

37
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A

large SA - ~100m2
very thin walls (mean 0.5 micrometres)
good diffusion characteristics

38
Q

pulmonary circulation function

A

brings deoxygenated from heart to lungs and oxygenates blood from lung to heart and then rest of body

39
Q

bronchial circulation function

A

brings oxygenated blood to lung parenchyma

40
Q

characteristics of arteries in the pulmonary circulatory system

A

thin walled, highly compliant, larger diameter, low resistance (when compared to system circulation)

41
Q

how many mls of blood are in the pulmonary network

A

500mls (10% of total)

42
Q

how many mls of blood are in the alveolar capillary network at rest

A

75 mls

43
Q

how many mls of blood are there in the alveolar capillary network during exercise and how is this possible

A

150-200mls due to the recruitment of new capillaries secondary to an increase in pressure and flow

44
Q

what is the alveolar-capillary network

A

where gas exchange occurs through dense, mesh-like network of capillaries and alveoli

45
Q

what is the alveolar capillary network comprised of

A

type 1 alveolar epithelial cells, capillaries, endothelial cells and BM

46
Q

movement of gas in pulmonary circuit

A

O2 enters blood, CO2 leaves

47
Q

movement of gas in systemic circuit

A

O2 leaves blood, CO2 enters

48
Q

pressure change of O2 and CO2 from alveolar air to venous blood in pulmonary capillaries

A

PO2 100 –> 40 mmHg
PCO2 40 <– 46mmHg
pressure gradient for O2 is much bigger than for CO2
- CO2 is more diffusible

49
Q

pressure change of O2 and CO 2 from alveolar air to venous blood in systemic capillaries

A

PO2 <40 <– 100 mmHg
PCO2 >46 –> 40 mmHg
pressure gradient bigger for O2
- CO2 is more diffusible

Week 9 (4 decks)

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