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Pharmacology > Respiratory Pharmacology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Respiratory System do?

A

Mediates Gas exchange between the external environment and the blood stream.

The Upper respiratory tract conducts air to the lower tract and humidifies/conditions the air

Protects the lungs from harmful substances

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2
Q

What is the Common Cold? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment?

A

Virus that invades mucosa of upper respirator tract, nose, pharynx/larynx

Signs/Symptoms: excessive mucus production-> sore throat, coughing, upset stomach.

Treatment: Reduce symptoms

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3
Q

Antihistamines, where does it work?

A

Act directly on histamine receptor sites; H1 blockers

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4
Q

What is histamine?

A

Endogenous chemical involved in various allergic reactions.

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5
Q

What are the sedating antihistamines?

A

H1 Antihistamine

  • Chlorphenramine
  • Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
  • Hydroxyzine
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6
Q

Benadryl Action/Adverse Effcts

A

Antagonizes the effect of histamine at H1 receptor sites

ADE: CNS depressant, drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, dry mouth

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7
Q

What are the Non-Sedating Antihistamines?

A

Claritin, Allegra, Zyrtec

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8
Q

What are three types of decongestants and what are the routes of administration?

A

Adrenergic, Anticholinergic, Corticosteroids

Routes: Oral for systemic, Inhaled (right to the lungs, some systemic), Nasal: Local some systemic

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9
Q

Adrenergic Nasal Drugs; Where is it applied, what is the main side effect, and drug name

A
  • Topical application directly into Nares.
  • Has a rebound effect (only use for 72 hours, congestion will get worse if taken more than this) -
  • Oxymetazoline/Afrin
  • Phenylephrine/Neo-synephrine
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10
Q

Intranasal Steroids, what are they used for, what is the action, what are some examples?

A

Used prophylactically to prevent nasal congestion in patients with chronic Upper Resp. Infections

Action: Aimed at anti-inflammatory Response

Examples: Nasacort (Triamcinolone), Flonase (Fluticasone), Nasalide (Flunisolide)

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11
Q

Oral Forms of Decongestants and Side Effects

A

Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)

S/E: Headache, dizziness, nervousness, nausea, cardiovascular irregularities (increased BP/palpitations)

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12
Q

What drugs are used to treat cough? (general categories)

A

Antitussive: suppresses cough (opiod, non-opiod) Sedation, dizziness, GI upset

Mucolytics

Expectorants

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13
Q

Antitussive Drugs Action and Adverse Effects (Opioids)

A

All opiods have antitussive effects. (Codeine is only opioid used as cough medicine)

Action: Suppress cough reflex by acting on cough center in Medulla

Advsere Effects: CNS and respiratory depression/additive potential

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14
Q

Antitussive Drugs (non-opioid)

A

Generic: Dextromethorpan

Trade Name: Vicks, Robitussin DM

Safe, Non-addicting, no CNS/respiratory depression

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15
Q

Mucolytics/Expectorants Action and Side Effects

A

Mucolytics: decrease viscosity of respiratory secretions

Expectorants: facilitate production/ejection of mucus

Action: loosening/thinning secretions

Side effects: GI, take with food

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16
Q

Expectorants Trade Name, Therepeutic Effect

A

Guaifenesin

Trade name: Robitussin, Humibid, Guiatuss

Therapeutic Effect: Relief of resiratory congestions and cough suppression.

17
Q

Mucolytics: How it works, administration and Side Effects

A

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst): Primary mucolytic drug

Work by splitting the disulfide bonds of mucoproteins

Administered by inhalation/intratracheal instillation

S/E: N/V, inflammation, rhinorrhea

18
Q

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Types, Characterization, Treatment Goals, Medication Classes

A

Bronchial Asthma, COPD

Characterized by Bronchospasm, airway inflamm, mucous plugging

Treatment goals: prevent/reverse bronchial constriction/obstruction of airways

Medication Classes:

  • Bronchodilators:Beta agonists, Xanthine derivatives, anticholinergics
  • Anti-inflamm: corticosteroids, Chromolyn sodium
19
Q

Beta-Adrenergic Agonists: What do they do

A

Stimulation of beta-2 receptors result in relaxation of bronchiole smooth muscle-> used to prevent/inhibit airway obstructions

20
Q

Specific Beta-Adrenergic Agonists

A

Albuterol: Short Acting

Long Acting: salmeterol, formoterol, bambuterol, metaproterenol

21
Q

Albuterol General Action, Use, Administration

A

Relax bronchial smooth muscle,

First line therapy for SOB,

Adminsitered via Inhaler/nebulizer,

Very safe

22
Q

Albuteral Action, Indication, Contraindications

A

Sympathomimetic

Actions: Beta 2 adrenergic agonist, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, minimal cardiac SE

Indications: Treatment of bronchospasm associated with asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema; prevention of exercise induced bronchospasm.

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to sympathomimetics, cardiac arrhythmia, tachycardia/tachyarrhythmias

23
Q

Albuterol Adverse Reactions, Precautions

A
  • Adverse:
    • Paradoxical bronchospasm,
    • tachycardia, palpitations,
    • angina,
    • PVCs,
    • hypo/hypertension,
    • tremor,
    • hyperglycemia,
    • peripheral vasodilation,
    • nervousness,
    • nausea/vomiting
  • Precautions: Diabetes, hyperthyroidism, seizures
24
Q

Metaproterenol Sulfate Actions, Indications, Contraindications

A

Action: Agonist for Beta 2, acts on smooth muscle

Indications: relieve bronchospasm of COPD/Asthma

Contraindications:

  • Hypersensitivity to sympathomimetics
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Cerebrovascular/cardiovascular disorders
  • Tachycardia/tachydysrhythmias
25
Q

Metaproterenol Sulfate Adverse Reactions

A

Dose-related tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, HTN, tremors, headaches, N/V

26
Q

Xanthine Derivatives: Theophylline Actions, Adverse Reactions, Indications

A

Action: Beta 2 Agonist: directly relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, dilates pulomary/coronary arterioles, Mild diureticrespiratory center stimulant

Adverse Rxn: Toxicity b/w levels of 15-20mcg/ml, Toxicity: nausea, confusion, irritability, restlessness, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures

Indications: relieve bronchospasm, management of CHF, pulmonary edema, adminstered orally as tablet

27
Q

Nonselective sympathomimetics

A

Stimulates both beta 1/2 and akpha

not used to treat asthma since they increase peripheral resistance and increased risk for tachycardia

Includes: epinephrine, ephedrine

28
Q

Methylxanthines

A

CNS stimulants that also bronchodilate

Used only when beta 2 specifcs don’t work

Chief S/E: N/V, insomnia, restlessness, dysrhythmias.

29
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Ipratropium: atropine derivative

Causes Bronchodilation

Inhaled, no systemic effects

S/E: dry mouth

30
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Anti-inflamm.

Lowers production of inflamm. substance

Inhaled type: Beclomethasone

Oral: Prednisone

Preventative

Few S/E when inhaled; long periods of admin can lead to adrenal suppression/hyperglycemia

31
Q

Cromolyn

A

Safest of all anti-asthma

S/E: coughing/wheezing

Used for preventing asthma in adults/children

32
Q

Leukotriene Antagonists

A

Leukotrienes contribute to both inflamm and bronchoconstriction

Zyflo blocks synthesis of leukotrienes, Accolate blocks the receptors

S/E: headache, stomachache, flu-like symptoms for children

33
Q

Considerations in Rehabilitation

A

RTs play a critial role in preventing pulmonary mucus accumulation

Program of Chest PT most effecive when administered 30 minutes to 1 hour after agents administered.

Cardiac S/E of Beta-adrenergic/xanthine should be considered.

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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