Respiratory Oxygenation Flashcards
Oxygenation
The process of supplying oxygen to body cells to support metabolic processes. Involves transport of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide
Structure of respiratory systems
- Respiratory system : Exchayof the gases (o2 and CO2) between the atmosphere and blood.
- External respirations
- Internal respirations
Process of Oxygenation
Ventilation: Process of moving gases into and out of the lungs. Involves use of respiratory muscles, pleura space
- Works of Breathing
Lung compliance: Ability of lungs to expand in response to intra-Abeokuta pressure and surfactant
- Airway resistance: pressure difference between the mouth and alveoli
- Accessory Muscles
Perfusion
- Pulmonary circulation moves blood to and from alveolar-capillary membrane so that gas can exchange can occur
- Filters small i before they reach vital organs
Distribution
- Movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
- Oxygen transept: O2 is transported by hemoglobin, carries O2 and CO2 (oxyhemoglobin)
Gas exchange Rwspiration
- Refers to the intake of the oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
- Made possible by respiration and perfusion
- Occurs via diffusion
Breathing
- changing pressures- gases move into and out of lung. Diaphragm goes down and flatten with I spit and goes up on expiration.
- Average adults breathes 12-20/min.
- Brain (medulla and pons) provides stimulus for respiration.
- Normal stimulus for breathing is increased CO2 in the blood
Factors Affecting Oxygenation
Physiological Factors -Cardiac and respiratory -Anemia -Fever —hypovolemia (circulating blood volume) -Conditions affecting chest wall expansion
Developmental Factors
- Infant and Toddlers: Increased risk for URI due to exposure to other children, 2nd hand smoke, foreign body aspiration
- Older adults : Risk for URI, systolic B/P, decreased chest wall compliance, decreased cough reflex, decreased tidal volume
Factors Affecting Oxygenation
-Behavioral Factors : Nutrition, exercise, smoking, substance abuse
Environmental Factors: Smog, asbestos, pollutants, bacteria etc
Anxiety : Continuous severe anxiety cause increased metabolic rate and O2 demand, increased rate and depth of reparations
Alterations in Respiratory Function
- Hyperventilation : Ventilation in excess of that normally required to eliminate CO2
- Hypoventilation : Inadquate alveolar ventilation to meet O2 demand or to eliminate CO2
- Excess CO2 retention can result in respiratory arrest
- Only low levels of O2 given to patients with COPD
- Hypoxia : Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level. Results from deficiency in O2 delivery or utilization
Alteration in Respiratory Patterns
- Trachpnea: Rapid , shallow breathing. Rate >24/min
- Bradypnea: Slow breathing. Rate<10, regular
- Chronic Obstructive Breathing : Normal inspiration, prolonged expiration to overcome increased airway pressure
Adventitious Breath Sounds
- Crackles : high pitched popping sound. Heard during inspiration do not clear with coughing
- Crackles( coarse): Loud, low pitched, bubbling, gurgling
- Wheeze: Musical high pitched sound
- Rhonchi : low pitched wheeze; snoring sound may clear with doughy
- Stridor: high pitched crowing sound
Upper Respiratory Tract
- Passage way for air to enter the body
- Structures: Nose, paransal sinuses, sinuses, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
- Functions: Warm, humidifies, filters inspired air; sensory organs for taste and smell; sinuses provide resonance to voice; larynx producers voice
Lower Respiratory Tract
- supplies air to the lungs
- Trachea, bronchial tree, bronchi, acini do
- Trachea : 4-5 inches long and 1 inch diameter
