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RESPIRATORY > RESPIRATORY MECHANICS > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY MECHANICS Flashcards

1
Q

Internal respiration

A

intracellular mechanism which consumes O2 and produces CO2 (at level of body tissue)
simple diffusion due to partial p. gradient

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2
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gases betw. external env. and bloodstream

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3
Q

components of extracellular respiration

A

alveolar S.A.
ventilation
perfusion matching
partial p. gradient

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4
Q

partial p. gradient?

A

allows gases to flow from high to low p. areas

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5
Q

what must be balanced to maintain efficient gas exchange ?

A

ventilation & perfusion in alveoli

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6
Q

what are the 4 steps of external respiration?

A
  1. ventilation
  2. gas exchange betw. alveoli and blood
  3. gas transport in blood
  4. gas exchange at tissue level
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7
Q

ventilation

A

gas exchange betw. atm. and alveoli

mechanical process of movement of air in & out the lungs

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8
Q

gas exchange betw. alveoli and blood

A

exchange of O2 & CO2 betw.
air in alveoli
&
blood in pulmonary capillaries

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9
Q

gas transport in blood

A

betw. lung and tissue

binding & transport of O2 & CO2 in circulating blood

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10
Q

gas exchange at tissue level

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 betw.
blood in systemic capillaries
and body cells

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11
Q

key features in ventilation

A
  • air flow from high to low p. regions down the p. gradient

- Palv < Patm - for air flow into lungs during inspiration

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12
Q

before inspiration

A

Palv = Patm

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13
Q

during inspiration

A

thorax and lungs expand - due to contraction of inspiratory muscles

v. of gas increases
p. exerted by gas decreases

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14
Q

what 2 forces links lung to thorax ?

A
  1. intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

2. negative intrapleural pressure

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15
Q

intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

A
  • attraction of H2O M/ - resist pulling forces

- pleural membranes stick together

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16
Q

negative intrapleural pressure

A
  • sub-atm. intrapleural p. creates a TRANMURAL p. gradient across lung and chest wall
  • lung forced to expand outwards
  • chest forced to squeeze inwards
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17
Q

Patm at sea level

A

760 mmHg

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18
Q

across lung wall

A 
Palv. = 760 mmHg - push inwards
Pip. = 756 mmHg - push outwards
19
Q

across lung wall, the 4 mmHg difference between Palv. and Pip. .

A

creates a TRANSMURAL p. gradient
push out on lung
STRETCH to fill thoracic cavity

20
Q

across thoracic wall

A

Patm. = 760 mmHg - push inwards

Pip. - 756 mmHg - push outward

21
Q

across thoracic wall, the 4 mmHg difference bet. Patm. and Pip. ..

A

creates a TRANSMURAL p. gradient
push in
COMPRESS thoracic wall

22
Q

3 imp. p. in ventilation are ..

A
  1. Patm.
  2. Palv.
  3. Pip.
23
Q

Patm.

A

p. caused by weight of gas in atm. on earths surface

~ 760 mmHg at sea level

24
Q

Palv.

A

p. within lung alveoli

~ 760 mmHg when equilibrated w/ Pat,.

25
Q

Pip.

A

P. exerted outside lung within pleural cavity

Pip. < Patm.

26
Q

Inspiration key features

A

active process

depends on muscle contraction (external intercostal)

27
Q

what happens to the V. of thorax during inspiration?

A

increases vertically

28
Q

what happen to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A
  • diaphragm contracts
  • flattens dome shape - which increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity
  • phrenic nerve 3, 4, 5
29
Q

what happens when the external intercostal muscle contracts during inspiration?

A
  • ribs are lifted
  • sternum moves upwards and outwards -which increases the side - side dimension of the thoracic cavity
  • chest wall &lungs stretch
30
Q

what happens to the Palv. during inspiration?

A

Palv. decreases - due to increase in size of lungs due to Boyle’s law (air M/ contained in larger v.)

air enters lung down P. gradient until
Patm. = Palv.

31
Q

Expiration key features

A

passive process

relaxation of inspiratory muscles

32
Q

what happens to Palv. during expiration?

A

Palv. increases as lung recoils - bcz air M/ are contained in smaller V.

air leaves lung down p. gradient until
Palv. = Patm.

33
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in pleural space - enters from outside/ lungs

abolish TRANSMURAL p. gradient - - - - lung collapses (unstretched size)

34
Q

3 types of pneumothorax

A
  1. spontaneous - hole in wall
  2. traumatic - puncture in chest wall
  3. iatrogenic
35
Q

symptoms of pneumothorax

A

shortness of breath

chest pain

36
Q

physical signs of pneumothorax

A

hyper resonant percussion note

the decrease/ absence of breath sound

37
Q

what results in lung recoil during expiration?

A

elastic connective tissue

alveolar surface tension

38
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

attraction betw. H2O M/ at the liquid air interface

produces a force the resists stretching of lungs in alveoli

39
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

complex mixture of lipids and proteins

secreted by type II alveoli

40
Q

what does pulmonary surfactant do ?

A

decreases alveolar surface tension

by interspersing betw. H2O M/ lining the alveoli

41
Q

smaller alveoli has ..

A

smaller r

so higher tendency to collapse

42
Q

what prevents small alveoli from collapsing and emptying its contents into large alveoli?

A

decrease in surface tension in small alveoli

43
Q

Laplace’s Law

A

P = 2T/ r

44
Q

alveolar interdependence

A

neighbouring alveoli recoil in resistance to being stretched by collapsing alveoli
pill it open

RESPIRATORY (4 decks)

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