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ap2 > Respiratory Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Respiratory Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

3 process for respiration:

A

Ventilation
EXT = Pulmonary (xchg aveoli + blood)
Int = Tissue Respiration (xchg capill + tissue c.)

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2
Q

Function of Resp Sys

A 
Intake of O2, Removal of CO2
Regulate Blood pH
Olfaction (nasal cavity receptors for smell)
Filters inspired air (nasal hair)
Vocal sounds -> Phonation
Excretes a bit of water and heat
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3
Q

2 type Categorization of Respiratory Sys

Structurally

Functionally

A

Upper/Lower respiratory

Conducting zone: Filter, Warm, and Moisten air + Conduct to lungs

Respiratory zone: O2 and CO2 exchg w/ Blood, Smooth muscl.

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4
Q

upper respiratory Anatomy (3)

Lower respiratory (4)

A

Nose, nasal cavity
Pharynx + Associated struct (paranasla sinus)

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Pulmo

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5
Q

Choane aka

Respiratory region located in ____ of _____bone

A

Internal Nares = Posterior opening

Cribiform plate of Ethmoid bone

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6
Q

Pharynx location is

Pahryngeal wall assists in

3 regions

A

post to Nasal + Oral, sup to Layrnx

Deglutition, tonsils

Nasopharynx, 5 openings (int naris, eustachian)

Oropharynx (soft palate) and Laryngopharnyx (Hyopharynx - esophagus POST + larynx ANT)

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7
Q

Larynx and Trachea

Larynx anatomy

A

Larynx connects pharynx to trachea (post to Thyroid)

Thyroid cartilage - Adam’s apple
Tracheotomy - Cricoid cartilage

Thyroid membrane - Ligament (connect btw thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone)

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8
Q

Laringeal vestibule (2 components)

Glottis components (2)

A

cavity of larynx above vestibular fold (False vocal)

Infraglotic cavity (below the vocal folds) - true vocal

True vocal cord + Rima glottis (space btw cords)

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9
Q

Trachea Location: from larynx to ___, divides

Wall layer: Deep to Superficial

A

SUP border of T5 vert (loc. carina - most sensitive cough reflx), divide to (R) + (L) primary bronchi

Mucosa > Submucosa > Hyaline cartilage connected w/ smooth Mm x elastic to chg diameter > Adventitia (areolar CT)

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10
Q

Branching of bronchial Tree

of lobes per lung

3rd # of segments

Terminal bronchioles is end of ____

Lungs extend from ____ to ____

A

Trachea -> Prim bronchi -> 2ndry bronchi -> 3ry bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Terminal br.

2 on (L) + 10% smaller, 3 on (R) + Diaphragm higher on right, liver inferior

10 lobules/lung

conducting zone

Diaphragm to slightly superior to clavicle

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11
Q

Hilum is located in the ______surface and contains

Lobules composed of

A

Mediastinal (MED surface) contains bronchi, blood and lymph

Elastic connective tissue, lymph, arteriole, venule

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12
Q

Alveolar wall aka

Type of cells

A

respiratory membrane

Type 1: main site of gas xchg, # > Type II
Type 2: secrete alveolar flid, septal cells to reduce tendency to collapse

Dust cells: macrophage

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13
Q

4 layers of respiratory membrane

A

Type I, II, Macrophages
Epithelial basement membrane - aveolar
Capillary basement membrane (fused to epithelial)
Capillary Endothelium

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14
Q

Ventilation perfusion coupling

A

Vasoconstriction re: Hypoxia moves blood from poorly ventilated to well ventilated

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15
Q

Inhalation - Lung pressure ____ vs atmopsheric
Mm involved in normal:

Exhalation - Lung pressure ____ vs atmopsheric

A

Decreased pressure below atmos, Diaphragm pulls down in contraction, EXT intercostal elevates rib

Lung pressure > atmos, diaphragm relax (bounce back to dome shape), EXT intercostal relax + rib drop to force air out

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16
Q

Other factor pulmonary ventilation (3)

A

1) Surface tension of alveolar (surfactant), prevent alveolar collapse in exhalation
2) Lung compliance (how easy lung+ chest expand), elasticity + surface tension. Note scar tissue cannot expand/non-functional.
3) Airway resistance (larger diameter), regulated by bronchioles + Smooth Mm tone (ANS)

17
Q

Breathing patterns (6)

Eupnea:
Apnea:

Dyspnea:
Tachypnea

Costal:
Diaphragmatic

A

Easy, resting ~12-20 breath/min

Transient cessation of respiration

shortness of breath

(abn. rapid)

Shallow
Deep

18
Q

Tidal volume
Minute ventilation

Tidal Vol - Respiratory zone % : Conducting zone aka

Air left in lungs after deep breathing

A

Volume of one breath
MV = Total air inhaled+Exhaled/min. (# breath/min * Vt)

70% : 30% (dead space - nose, pharynx, terminal bronchioles)

Residual volume RV

19
Q

Anatomic dead space

Alveolar ventil rate

A

Conducting zone does not undergo respir xchg

Air per Min. reaching respir. zone

20
Q

Factors affecting affinity of Hb (hemoglobin) for O2

A

1: Partial pressure of O2: Higher Po2, More O2

2: Blood acitiy (low pH = more O2 to c. High pH = less O2

3 Temp. High Temp = ^| O2 released from Hb,
Low Temp = v| O2 from Hb

21
Q

CO2 Transport 3 main forms

A

1) Dissolved CO2 exhaled from lungs
2) Carbamino compound - combo w/ amino acid + Prot in blood (Hb)
3) Bicarbonate ions: Greatest 70% in plasma as bicarbonate ion - HCO3

22
Q

Breathing Mm contract from ____ from _____

A

Nerve impulses in Respiratory centre [Medulla oblongata + pons] of brain

23
Q

Medullary resp. centre component:

A

DRG - Dorsal Respiratory group (Diaphragm via Phrenic n. + EXT intercostal via Intercostal N.)

DRG inactivates, Mm relax 3sec. passive recoil

VRG (Ventral resp group), Inspiratory/Expiratory Neurons - primary active in exercise+stress

Botzinger complex: Pacemaker cell set basic breathing rhythm

PRG - Potine respiratory group (Modify basic rhythm)

24
Q

Respiratory centre in Medulla and Pons regulated by (2):

A

Brain cortex (conscious ctrl)

Chemoreceptors (Monitor O2 and CO2, input to centre)

25
Q

Chemoreceptors (2) types

A

Central chemoreceptor - around Medulla oblongata

Peripheral chemoreceptor (2)

Aortic bodies - in Arch wall
Cartoid - Common cartoid wall

26
Q

Conditions for Chemoreceptors

A

Hypercapnia = hypercarbia (increase in pCO2, H+). Response: hyperventilation, inhale more O2, exhale more CO2

Hypoxia

27
Q

Influences on Breathing:

Exercise: As cardiac output rises, Blood flow to lungs aka _____, _____

A

Limbic system

Temperature

Pain (Severe = apnia, prolonged somatic = incr. rate)

Irritated airways

Pulmonary perfusion, increases

28
Q

Cell structure of:

Lungs/alveoli/resp bronchia

Bronchi/Trachea

Larynx

Nosopharynx

A

Simple cuboidal, simple squamous, No cilia or goblet cell

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (think plegm) - Yes cilia, yes goblet cell for majority until near end of conduct zone

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous above vocal folds (No cilia, no goblet cell)

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar, yes cilia, yes goblet cell. (Think pure respiratory structures will have ciliated columnar, + mucuous = goblet + cilia for dust)

ap2 (1 decks)

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