Respiratory Lecture 4 Flashcards
3 process for respiration:
Ventilation
EXT = Pulmonary (xchg aveoli + blood)
Int = Tissue Respiration (xchg capill + tissue c.)
Function of Resp Sys
Intake of O2, Removal of CO2 Regulate Blood pH Olfaction (nasal cavity receptors for smell) Filters inspired air (nasal hair) Vocal sounds -> Phonation Excretes a bit of water and heat
2 type Categorization of Respiratory Sys
Structurally
Functionally
Upper/Lower respiratory
Conducting zone: Filter, Warm, and Moisten air + Conduct to lungs
Respiratory zone: O2 and CO2 exchg w/ Blood, Smooth muscl.
upper respiratory Anatomy (3)
Lower respiratory (4)
Nose, nasal cavity
Pharynx + Associated struct (paranasla sinus)
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Pulmo
Choane aka
Respiratory region located in ____ of _____bone
Internal Nares = Posterior opening
Cribiform plate of Ethmoid bone
Pharynx location is
Pahryngeal wall assists in
3 regions
post to Nasal + Oral, sup to Layrnx
Deglutition, tonsils
Nasopharynx, 5 openings (int naris, eustachian)
Oropharynx (soft palate) and Laryngopharnyx (Hyopharynx - esophagus POST + larynx ANT)
Larynx and Trachea
Larynx anatomy
Larynx connects pharynx to trachea (post to Thyroid)
Thyroid cartilage - Adam’s apple
Tracheotomy - Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid membrane - Ligament (connect btw thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone)
Laringeal vestibule (2 components)
Glottis components (2)
cavity of larynx above vestibular fold (False vocal)
Infraglotic cavity (below the vocal folds) - true vocal
True vocal cord + Rima glottis (space btw cords)
Trachea Location: from larynx to ___, divides
Wall layer: Deep to Superficial
SUP border of T5 vert (loc. carina - most sensitive cough reflx), divide to (R) + (L) primary bronchi
Mucosa > Submucosa > Hyaline cartilage connected w/ smooth Mm x elastic to chg diameter > Adventitia (areolar CT)
Branching of bronchial Tree
of lobes per lung
3rd # of segments
Terminal bronchioles is end of ____
Lungs extend from ____ to ____
Trachea -> Prim bronchi -> 2ndry bronchi -> 3ry bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Terminal br.
2 on (L) + 10% smaller, 3 on (R) + Diaphragm higher on right, liver inferior
10 lobules/lung
conducting zone
Diaphragm to slightly superior to clavicle
Hilum is located in the ______surface and contains
Lobules composed of
Mediastinal (MED surface) contains bronchi, blood and lymph
Elastic connective tissue, lymph, arteriole, venule
Alveolar wall aka
Type of cells
respiratory membrane
Type 1: main site of gas xchg, # > Type II
Type 2: secrete alveolar flid, septal cells to reduce tendency to collapse
Dust cells: macrophage
4 layers of respiratory membrane
Type I, II, Macrophages
Epithelial basement membrane - aveolar
Capillary basement membrane (fused to epithelial)
Capillary Endothelium
Ventilation perfusion coupling
Vasoconstriction re: Hypoxia moves blood from poorly ventilated to well ventilated
Inhalation - Lung pressure ____ vs atmopsheric
Mm involved in normal:
Exhalation - Lung pressure ____ vs atmopsheric
Decreased pressure below atmos, Diaphragm pulls down in contraction, EXT intercostal elevates rib
Lung pressure > atmos, diaphragm relax (bounce back to dome shape), EXT intercostal relax + rib drop to force air out
Other factor pulmonary ventilation (3)
1) Surface tension of alveolar (surfactant), prevent alveolar collapse in exhalation
2) Lung compliance (how easy lung+ chest expand), elasticity + surface tension. Note scar tissue cannot expand/non-functional.
3) Airway resistance (larger diameter), regulated by bronchioles + Smooth Mm tone (ANS)
Breathing patterns (6)
Eupnea:
Apnea:
Dyspnea:
Tachypnea
Costal:
Diaphragmatic
Easy, resting ~12-20 breath/min
Transient cessation of respiration
shortness of breath
(abn. rapid)
Shallow
Deep
Tidal volume
Minute ventilation
Tidal Vol - Respiratory zone % : Conducting zone aka
Air left in lungs after deep breathing
Volume of one breath
MV = Total air inhaled+Exhaled/min. (# breath/min * Vt)
70% : 30% (dead space - nose, pharynx, terminal bronchioles)
Residual volume RV
Anatomic dead space
Alveolar ventil rate
Conducting zone does not undergo respir xchg
Air per Min. reaching respir. zone
Factors affecting affinity of Hb (hemoglobin) for O2
1: Partial pressure of O2: Higher Po2, More O2
2: Blood acitiy (low pH = more O2 to c. High pH = less O2
3 Temp. High Temp = ^| O2 released from Hb,
Low Temp = v| O2 from Hb
CO2 Transport 3 main forms
1) Dissolved CO2 exhaled from lungs
2) Carbamino compound - combo w/ amino acid + Prot in blood (Hb)
3) Bicarbonate ions: Greatest 70% in plasma as bicarbonate ion - HCO3
Breathing Mm contract from ____ from _____
Nerve impulses in Respiratory centre [Medulla oblongata + pons] of brain
Medullary resp. centre component:
DRG - Dorsal Respiratory group (Diaphragm via Phrenic n. + EXT intercostal via Intercostal N.)
DRG inactivates, Mm relax 3sec. passive recoil
VRG (Ventral resp group), Inspiratory/Expiratory Neurons - primary active in exercise+stress
Botzinger complex: Pacemaker cell set basic breathing rhythm
PRG - Potine respiratory group (Modify basic rhythm)
Respiratory centre in Medulla and Pons regulated by (2):
Brain cortex (conscious ctrl)
Chemoreceptors (Monitor O2 and CO2, input to centre)
Chemoreceptors (2) types
Central chemoreceptor - around Medulla oblongata
Peripheral chemoreceptor (2)
Aortic bodies - in Arch wall
Cartoid - Common cartoid wall
Conditions for Chemoreceptors
Hypercapnia = hypercarbia (increase in pCO2, H+). Response: hyperventilation, inhale more O2, exhale more CO2
Hypoxia
Influences on Breathing:
Exercise: As cardiac output rises, Blood flow to lungs aka _____, _____
Limbic system
Temperature
Pain (Severe = apnia, prolonged somatic = incr. rate)
Irritated airways
Pulmonary perfusion, increases
Cell structure of:
Lungs/alveoli/resp bronchia
Bronchi/Trachea
Larynx
Nosopharynx
Simple cuboidal, simple squamous, No cilia or goblet cell
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (think plegm) - Yes cilia, yes goblet cell for majority until near end of conduct zone
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous above vocal folds (No cilia, no goblet cell)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar, yes cilia, yes goblet cell. (Think pure respiratory structures will have ciliated columnar, + mucuous = goblet + cilia for dust)
