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Respiratory FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures within the respiratory system?

A
  1. Conductive System
  2. Transitional System
  3. Gas Exchange System
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2
Q

What is the conductive system composed of?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi.

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3
Q

What is the transitional system composed of?

A

Terminal Bronchioles

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4
Q

What is the Gas Exchange System composed of?

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.

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5
Q

What component of the respiratory system is labeled by 1?

A

CONDUCTING

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6
Q

What component of the respiratory system is labeled by 2?

A

TRANSITIONAL

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7
Q

What component of the respiratory system is labeled by 3?

A

EXCHANGE

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8
Q

What does the Conductive System do?

A
  1. Brings air to the Respiratory Portion
  2. Cleanses, moistens, and warms incoming air.
  3. Hair and secretions in the nasal cavity trap particulate matter.
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9
Q

Blood in venous plexuses in mucous membrane of nasal cavity ____________________ of inhaled air.

A

regulates temperature

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10
Q

What is the transitional zone between the conducting (ciliated) and the gas exchange (alveolar system) areas of the respiratory tree.

A

TRANSITIONAL SYSTEM

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11
Q

The transitional system is composed only by the terminal bronchioles which are lined by….

A

Clara Cells

Non-ciliated secretory cells

Only a few ciliated cells

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12
Q

Healthy bronchioles do not have

A

Goblet Cells

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13
Q

What component of the respiratory system is depicted in this image?

A

EXCHANGE SYSTEM

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14
Q

What is the exchange system composed of? (shown in this image.)

A

Alveoli

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15
Q

Thin walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries: the pulmonary capillaries.

A

Alveoli

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16
Q

Alveoli are lined by

A

epithelial type 1 (membranous) pneumocytes and type 2 pneumocytes

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17
Q

What are we looking at here?

A

Normal Sheep Lung

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18
Q

What are these examples of?

A

Cells of the Respiratory Tract

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19
Q

What are the Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System?

A

Non-Specific (non immune-mediated)

Specific (immune-mediated)

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20
Q

Describe the Non-Specific (non immune-mediated) defense mechanism of the respiratory system.

A
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21
Q

Describe the Specific (immune-mediated) defense mechanism of the respiratory system..

A
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22
Q

The conductive system is mostly lined by….

A
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23
Q

The conductive system is composed of

A

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

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24
Q

The respiratory portion of the nasal cavity is lined by

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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25
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

tubulo-alveolar glands

The lamina propria contains tubulo-alveolar glands, mainly serous, with lesser numbers of mucous and mixed glands.

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26
Q

What is shown within the rectangle of this nasal cavity slide?

A

The lamina propria

The submucosa supports the lamina propria (shown within rectangle)

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27
Q

The oflactory epithelium contains

A

oflactory sensory cells

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28
Q

What is the bone supported cavity within the skull that is divided by nasal cartiliginous septum into two halves, left and right.

A

Nasal Cavity

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29
Q

Each half of the nasal cavity has three regions. What are they?

A
  1. Vestibular Region
  2. Respiratory Region
  3. Olfactory Region
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30
Q

What is this region of the nasal cavity?

A

Vestibular Region

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31
Q

What is the initial, external part of the nasal cavity with cutaneous mucous membrane, hairs, and skin glands.

A

The Vestibular Region.

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32
Q

The vestibular region is lined with….

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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33
Q

What region of the Nasal Cavity is this?

A

Respiratory Region

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34
Q

A. What is the largest part of the nasal cavity?

B. What is it lined with?

A

A. The Respiratory Region

B. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.

(this combination of cells is known as the Mucociliary apparatus, responsible for clearance.)

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35
Q

What is the Mucociliary Apparatus responsible for?

A

Clearance

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36
Q

What are the projections from the lateral wall that narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucous membrane, thus regulating the quality and quantity of inhaled air.

A

Conchae Turbinates

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37
Q

What is this image depicting?

What is it responsible for?

A

Mucociliary Apparatus: Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium. (in trachea)

Responsible for Clearance.

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38
Q

What is this image depicting?

A

Mucociliary Apparatus: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelum.

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39
Q

Goblet cells produce _________ granules.

A

mucinogen

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40
Q

Movement of cilia removes mucus with trapped airborne inhaled particles such as _______ and ___________.

A

dust and microorganisms.

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41
Q

What constitues a cleaning apparatus of upper respiratory passages?

A

Cilia and Goblet Cells

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42
Q

What is indicated in the oval?

What do the secretions of these cells do?

A

Goblet Cells

Secretions traps particulate matter

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43
Q

True or False

There are an increase number of Goblet Cells in smokers?

A

True. (hyperplasia)

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44
Q

A change from ciliated stratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium is called __________

A

Metaplasia

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45
Q

Ciliated Epithelial cells are connected by

A

Gap Junctions

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46
Q

The Olfactory Region: is lined with olfactory epithelium and is much _______ than respiratory epithelium. It lacks __________.

A

The Olfactory Region: is lined with olfactory epithelium and is much thicker than respiratory epithelium. It lacks goblet cells.

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47
Q

What epithelium is shown in slide A?

A

Respiratory Epithelum

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48
Q

What epithelium is shown in Slide B?

A

Olfactory Epithelium

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49
Q

What region is located in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory Region

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50
Q

The Olfactory Region is lined by olfactory epithelium without __________

A

Goblet Cells

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51
Q

Olfactory Region:

Lamina propria contains _______________ and ______________ (non myelinated axons of olfactory neurons from nerve bundles Cr. N. 1.

A

Olfactory Region:

Lamina propria contains serous olfactory glands and fila olfactoria (non myelinated axons of olfactory neurons from nerve bundles Cr. N. 1.)

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52
Q

What is shown here?

A

Ciliated Pseudostratifed Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells (red arrows)

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53
Q

Both olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in venous plexuses known as __________ which are distended with blood.

A

Swell Bodies

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54
Q

What is the structure indicated by O?

A

Olfactory neuron

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55
Q

What is indicated by S?

A

Supporting Cell

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56
Q

What is indicated by A?

A

Axons of Olfactory neurons Cr. N. 1.

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57
Q

What is B?

A

Basal Cell

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58
Q

What is G?

A

Serous Olfactory Gland

59
Q
A

Vemeronasal Organ: Chemoreception, Sexual Behavior

60
Q

What are center arrows indicating?

A

Vomeronasal Organ

61
Q

The Larynx includes…

A

Cartilage

Vocal Folds

Skeletal Muscle

62
Q

Initial part of the Larynx is lined by….

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

63
Q

After the vocal cords, the lining of the larynx changes to…

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

64
Q

What is this an image of?

A

The Trachea

65
Q

The trachea is lined by

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

66
Q

True or False.

In the trachea, the lamina propria and the submucosa are clearly demarcated.

A

FALSE.

In the trachea, the lamina propria and the submucosa are NOT clearly demarcated.

67
Q

What is seen in the lamina propria/submucosa of the trachea?

A

Serous Glands

68
Q

WTF is this?

69
Q

Rings of _______, which are incomplete dorsally, support the tracheal wall.

70
Q

A connective tissue ________ completes the wall of the trachea.

A

Adventitia

71
Q

FUN FACT.

Birds have _________ rings of cartilage.

72
Q

WTF is 1?

73
Q

WTF is 2?

74
Q

WTF is A?

A

Ciliated Cells

75
Q

WTF is B?

A

Goblet Cells

76
Q

WTF is C?

A

L. muscularis mucosae

77
Q

WTF is D?

A

Serous Glands, Loose CT Vessels

78
Q

WTF is E?

79
Q

This is the Trachea.

WTF is A?

80
Q

This is the Trachea.

WTF is B?

A

Goblet Cell

81
Q

This is the trachea.

WTF is C?

A

Lamina propria mucosae

82
Q

This is the trachea.

WTF is D?

A

Basal Cells

83
Q

Trachae branches into two bronchi. Bronchus has plates of ____________.

A

hyaline cartilage

84
Q

The trachea bifurcates into the ________, which enter the lung and branch extensively.

85
Q

WTF is this?

86
Q

Bronchi are lined by….

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

87
Q

What is in the circle?

A

Mixed Bronchial Glands

88
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Plates of hyaline cartilage

89
Q

WTF is this?

A

Bronchioles

90
Q

Bronchi branch into ______

A

Bronchioles

91
Q

Bronchioles lack

A

cartilage and glands

92
Q

Bronchioles are subdivided into

A

terminal bronchioles

and

respiratory bronchioles

93
Q

Terminal bronchioles are lined by….

A

ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells.

(a muscularis mucosae is still present in terminal bronchioles.)

94
Q

What cells are located in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles, bulge at the surface, are a source of surfactant like substance, and metabolize airborne toxins.

A

Clara Cells

95
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Clara Cell

96
Q

What is the function of the respiratory bronchiole?

A

Conduction and Gas Exchange

97
Q

WTF is this?

A

Respiratory Bronchioles

98
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles are lined by

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelium, which becomes flattened distally

99
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles have incomplete…

A

Respiratory Bronchioles have incomplete muscularis mucosae

100
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles divide into….

A

Respiratory Bronchioles divide into alveolar ducts

101
Q

WTF is this?

A

Alveolar Ducts

102
Q

Alveolar ducts are part of the exchange system and they empty into

A

alveolar sacs and alveoli.

103
Q

The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with…

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

104
Q

The edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli of an alveolar duct contains

A

The edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli of an alveolar duct contains smooth muscle cells.

105
Q

Alveolar ducts empty into _________ and alveoli.

A

Alveolar ducts empty into alveolar sacs and alveoli.

106
Q

The presence of _________ gives the lip of the alveolus a knob like appearance on sections.

A

The presence of smooth muscle gives the lip of the alveolus a knob like appearance on sections.

107
Q

Alveolar ducts branch into alveolar sacs which lack….

A

Alveolar ducts branch into alveolar sacs which lack smooth muscle.

108
Q

Alveoli are lined by what two distinct epithelial cells?

A

Pneumocytes Type 1

Pneumocytes Type 2

109
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Pulmonary Edema: Alveolar Spaces filled with Proteinaceous Fluid.

110
Q

Neighboring alveoli connect with each other via _______, providing equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if a bronchiole is obstructed.

111
Q

Pores allow __________ passage from one alveolus to another.

A

macrophage

112
Q

What type of collagen is present in the alveolar wall?

A

Collagen type 3

113
Q

What type of collagen is present in conducting airways?

A

Collagen Type 1

114
Q

Pneumocyte type 1 cells are also known as

A

Squamous alveolar type 1 cells

115
Q

Pneumocyte type 1 Cells compose ____ of the alveolar surface area.

A

Pneumocyte type 1 Cells compose 95% of the alveolar surface area.

116
Q

Pneumocyte Type 1 cells are not ____

A

Pneumocyte Type 1 Cells are not mitotic.

117
Q

What is the red arrow?

Grey arrow?

A

Pneumocyte Type 1

Pneumocyte Type 2

118
Q

Pneumocyte Type II Cells are also known as

A

Granular alveolar Type II Cells.

119
Q

Pneumocyte Type II Cells compose ___ of alveolar surface area.

A

Pneumoctye Type II Cells compose 5% of alveolar surface area.

120
Q

Surfactant is produced via

A

Lamellar bodies

121
Q

Pneumocyte Type II cells containt lamellar granules that contain recently synthesized….

A

Pneumocyte Type II cells containt lamellar granules that contain recently synthesized Surfactant.

122
Q

This is a mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein…

A

Surfactant.

123
Q

This functions to reduce surface tension, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli, thus preventing alveolar collapse (atelectasis.)

A

Surfactant

124
Q

This is constantly produced by Type II Cells

A

Surfactant

125
Q

__________ stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturation.

A

Cortisol stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturation.

126
Q

Absence of surfactant in newborns is known as

A

**Hyaline Membrane Disease **

127
Q

What is this arrow pointing to?

A

Elastic Fibers

128
Q

What is the Blood-Air Barrier composed of?

A

Vascular Endothelium

Basement Membrane of the Endothelial Cell

Basement Membrane of the Type I Pneumocyte

Cytoplasm of the Type I Pneumocyte

129
Q

What is this TEM depicting?

A

Blood-Air Barrier

130
Q

The lungs are covered by the _________ composed of connective tissue and lined by simple squamous epithelium.

A

Visceral Pleura

131
Q

The thoracic wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum are lined by _________ which is continuous with the mediastinal and _________ covering the entire surfaces of the lungs.

A

The thoracic wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum are lined by parietal pleura which is continuous with the mediastinal and visceral pleura covering the entire surfaces of the lungs.

132
Q

The pleura is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells also known as

A

mesothelial cells

133
Q

WTF is this?

134
Q

What are the arrows pointing to in this slide of the Larynx?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

135
Q

LARYNX: What is 1?

A

1 = Stratified Squamous Epithelium

136
Q

LARYNX: What is 2?

A

2 = Mucous Glands

137
Q

LARYNX: What is 3?

A

3 = Perichondrium

138
Q

LARYNX: What is 4?

A

4 = Hyaline Cartilage

139
Q

Identify and Describe this slide

A

Trachea.

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, with goblet cells, submucosal glands, and hylaine cartilage.

140
Q

LUNG: Identify Blue Arrow

A

Blue Arrow= Bronchus with Plates of Hyaline Cartilage

141
Q

LUNG: Identify Green Arrow

A

Green Arrow = Bronchial Glands

142
Q

LUNG: Identify Pink Arrow

A

Pink Arrow = Smooth Muscle

143
Q

LUNG

Describe the slide

A

Bronchus lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.

RUSVM Micro Beth (2 decks)

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