Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory Sytem > Respiratory Failure > Flashcards

Respiratory Failure Flashcards

1
Q

Compare Type 1 and Type 2 respiratory failure

Type 1 and 2 can co-exist, Type 1 can lead to Type 2

A

Type 1;

  • Low pO2
  • Normal or low pCO2
  • Failure of gas exchange

Type 2;

  • Low pO2
  • High pCO2
  • Failure of pump/ ventilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List 4 effects of Hypoxaemia/ Hypoxia

A
  • Impaired CNS function
  • Cardiac arrhythmia
  • Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
  • Central cyanosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List 4 effects of Hypercapnia

(If Chronic, Choroid Plexus imports HCO3 into CSF to restore brain ECF pH, so central chemoreceptors ‘reset’ to raised CO2)

A
  • Respiratory acidosis (Renally compensated)
  • Impaired CNS function
  • Peripheral vasodilation (‘Pink puffers’)
  • Cerebral vasodilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Suggest 6 broad types of causes of Hypoxaemia

A
  • Low inspired pO2 (Type 1)
  • Hypoventilation (Type 2)
  • V/Q Mismatch (Type 1, Type 2 if severe)
  • Diffusion impairment (Type 1, may progress to Type 2)
  • Intrapulmonary shunts (ARDS, Type 1 may progress to Type 2)
  • Right to left shunts (Not a respiratory problem)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Suggest 3 adaptations in people who live at high altitudes

A
  • Polycythaemia (Increased EPO secretion)
  • Increased 2,3 DPG
  • Increased capillary density in tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why do people at high altitudes have low pO2 and pCO2?

A
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated by low pO2

- Causes hyperventilation-> Increased CO2 removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 2 consequences of chronic Hypoxaemia

A

Pulmonary hypertension-> Cor Pulmonale (RH Failure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In Hypoventilation, insufficient air is moved in and out so low pO2 and high CO2 present.

What are 4 causes of Hypoventilation?

(Hypoventilation ALWAYS causes Type 2 failure)

A
  • Respiratory centre depression (injury, drug OD)
  • Respiratory muscle weakness
  • Chest wall problems
  • Severe lung fibrosis/ airway obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you treat Type 2 Respiratory failure?

A

Controlled O2 Therapy;

  • Give 24% or 28% O2
  • To reach 88-92% saturation
  • Monitor CO2 to prevent dangerous hypercapnia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can a PE affecting the Left Upper Lobe cause V/Q mismatch in the Left Lower Lobe and Right Lung?

A
  • Blood redirected away from L/ UL to L/ LL and Right Lobes (Increased Q here)
  • These areas need increased V to maintain ratio, so hyperventilation must occur
  • If hyperventilation is not sufficient, V/Q <1 in these areas of increased perfusion

(Hyperventilation causes normal or low pCO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why can’t hyperventilation correct low pO2, leading to Type 1 respiratory failure (Low O2, low CO2)

A

Hb is fully saturated already, so V/Q >1 will only affect amount of dissolved O2 in blood, which is insufficient to correct Hypoxaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 3 changes that can impair diffusion?

Causes Type 1 as CO2 is less likely to be affected

A
  • Thickened barrier (fibrosis)
  • Lengthened pathway (Oedema where extra layer of fluid lengthens diffusion distance)
  • Reduced total SA for diffusion (Emphysema)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do we meany Intra-pulmonary Shunt?

A

Perfusion of an alveoli with ZERO ventilation

V/Q=0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Suggest a condition that causes intrapulmonary shunting

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In what ways does ARDS causes intrapulmonary shunting?

ARDS is due to acute alveolar injury E.g sepsis, pneumonia, toxins

A
  • Increased vascular permeability
  • Oedema
  • Fibrin exudation
  • Loss of surfactant-> Stiff lungs
  • Decreased lung volumes
  • Alveolar collapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A single disease may causes Hypoxaemia va multiple mechanisms.

Give some examples

A
  • Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome;
    1. Lung stiffness-> Hypoventilation
    2. Alveoli collapse-> V/Q Mismatch
  • Type 1 respiratory failure can lead to Type 2 respiratory failure (E.g Asthma)
  • In chronic Type 2 failure, body adapts to raised CO2
17
Q

There are 2 mechanisms that explain why O2 therapy leads to rising CO2 in patients with Chronic CO2 retention (E.g COPD)

One of which, is the Peripheral Chemoreceptors no longer being stimulated.

How big of a role does this mechanism play?

A

Small part

18
Q

Other than that of the Peripheral Chemoreceptor, describe the mechanism that explains why O2 therapy can lead to a further rise in CO2 in some patients?

(This mechanism has 2 parts)

A
  1. O2 therapy leads to worsening V/Q Mismatch
    - Increased blood O2-> Less Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction, so increased perfusion to poorly ventilated alveoli so less CO2 removal
  2. O2 therapy increases the Haldane Effect
  • Increased Hb O2 saturation, so Hb can’t carry as much CO2
  • Rise in dissolved CO2 levels

Respiratory Sytem (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions