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ANKI Respiratory > Respiratory Failure > Flashcards

Respiratory Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps in the oxygen transport pathway from air to tissues?

A

Air

  1. Airways
  2. Alveolar gas
  3. Alveolar membrane
  4. Arterial blood
  5. Regional arteries
  6. Capillary blood

Tissues

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2
Q

What are the disease processes that may affect the oxygen transport pathway?

A
  • Low inspired oxygen
  • Muscle and chest wall problems
  • Obstructive airway disease
  • Fibrosis
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Ventilation-Perfusion matching
  • Anaemia
  • Shock
  • Peripheral arterial disease
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3
Q

What point in the oxygen transport pathway does low inspired oxygen affect?

A

The air

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4
Q

What may cause low inspired oxygen?

A

High altitude

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5
Q

What point in the oxygen transport pathway do muscle or chest wall problems affect?

A

The airways

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6
Q

What are some potential muscle or chest wall problems?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Kyphosis
  • Pectus Excavatum
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Trauma
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7
Q

What point in the oxygen transport pathway does obstructive airway disease affect?

A

Airways

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8
Q

Give two obstructive airway diseases?

A
  • Asthma
  • COPD
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9
Q

What point in the oxygen transport pathway does fibrosis affect?

A

Alveolar membrane

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10
Q

What are some potential causes of fibrosis?

A
  • Silicosis
  • Alveolitis
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11
Q

What point in the oxygen transport pathway does pulmonary oedema affect?

A

As oxygen leaves the alveolar membrane

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12
Q

What are some potential causes of pulmonary oedema?

A
  • Cardiogenic (left heart failure)
  • Aspiration (e.g. vomit)
  • Infection
  • Trauma
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13
Q

What point in the oxygen transport chain does ventilation-perfusion matching affect?

A

Just as the oxygen enters the arterial blood

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14
Q

What are some potential causes of problems with ventilation-perfusion matching?

A
  • Pulmomary emboli
  • Pneumonia
  • Consolidation
  • Collapse of lobe
  • Large airway destruction
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15
Q

What point in the oxygen transport pathway does anaemia affect?

A

Arterial blood

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16
Q

What are some potential causes of anaemia?

A
  • Insufficient red blood cells produced in marrow
  • Deficiency of B12/iron
  • CO binding
17
Q

What point in the oxygen transport pathway does shock affect?

A

As oxygen is leaving arterial blood

18
Q

What is shock?

A

Global poor perfusion

19
Q

What point in the oxygen transport pathway does peripheral arterial disease affect?

A

Regional arteries

20
Q

What are some potential causes of peripheral arterial disease?

A

Local arterial insufficiency or damage to individual tissues, e.g. claudication or angina

21
Q

What are the types of respiratory failure?

A
  • Type 1
  • Type 2
22
Q

What are the features of type 1 respiratory failure?

A
  • pO2 of arterial blood low
  • pCO2 normal or low
23
Q

What are the features of type 2 respiratory failure?

A
  • pO2 of arterial blood low
  • pCO2 high
24
Q

What are the acute affects of respiratory failure?

A

Increase in CO2 and a decrease in O2

25
Q

What is the increase in CO2 and a decrease in O2 in acute respiratory failure detected by?

A

Central chemoreceptors

26
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors cause when they detect the increase in CO2 and a decrease in O2?

A

Breathlessness (some compensation)

27
Q

What are the chronic effects of respiratory failure?

A
  • CO2 retention
  • Right heart failure (Cor pulmonare)
  • Severely disabling
28
Q

What is the result of CO2 retention in chronic respiratory failure?

A
  • Cerebrospinal fluid acidity corrected by choroid plexus
  • Initial acidosis corrected by kidney
  • Reducation of respiratory drive
  • Persisting hypoxia
29
Q

What causes right heart failure in chronic respiatory failure?

A

It is the effect of hypoxia on pulmonary arteries resulting in pulmonary hypertension

30
Q

How is respiratory failure managed?

A
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Removal of secretions
  • Assisted ventilation
  • Treat acute exacerbations

ANKI Respiratory (17 decks)

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