Respiratory/ ENT Flashcards
What are the key signs of choking in a child?
- Inability to talk
- Inability to breathe or noisy breathing
- Weak or ineffective cough
- Cyanosis
- Potential loss of consciousness
What is the most common cause of choking in a child?
Aspiration of food or small objects
What is the management of choking in a child?
If conscious and can cough:
- Encourage the child to cough to dislodge the obstruction
If conscious but unable to cough effectively:
- Alternate between giving 5 back blows and 5 chest (infant)/ abdominal (child) thrusts
If unconscious:
- 5 rescue breaths, then immediately commence CPR
What is the first step in asthma management of a child 0-5 years old?
SABA (for relief of symptoms)
Salbutamol inhaled: 100micrograms/dose metered-dose inhaler)
1-2 puffs every 4-6 hours when required
What indicates that an asthmatic child 0-5 years old on step 1 of managment needs treatment escalation?
Use of SABA inhaler on average more than twice a week over 1 month
OR
Newly-diagnosed asthma with symptoms >=3/ week or night-time waking
What is the second step in asthma management of a child 0-5 years old?
SABA+8 week trial of paediatric moderate-dose inhaled corticosteroid
Beclometasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, fluticasone, mometasone
What should be done after 8 weeks in an asthmatic child 0-5 years old on step 2 of treatment?
Stop the ICS and monitor the symptoms:
- If they haven’t resolved consider another diagnosis
- If symptoms have stopped and then reoccur within 4 weeks, restart the ICS at a low dose as first-line maintenance therapy
- If symptoms resolve but reoccur beyond 4 weeks, repeat the 8 week trial
What is the third step in asthma management of a child 0-5 years old?
SABA + low-dose ICS + leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA)
What is the fourth step in asthma management of a child 0-5 years old?
Stop the LTRA and refer to a paediatric asthma specialist
What is the first line asthma management for children 5-16?
SABA
What is the second line asthma management for children 5-16?
SABA+paediatric low-dose inhaled corticosteroid
What is the third line asthma management for children 5-16?
SABA+paediatric low-dose ICS+leukotriene receptor antagonist (LRTA)
What is the fourth line asthma management for children 5-16?
SABA+paediatric low dose ICS+LABA
Stop a LTRA at this point if it’s not helping
What is the fifth line asthma management for children 5-16?
SABA+switch ICS/LABA for a maintenance and reliever therapy (MART), that includes a paediatric low-dose ICS
What is the sixth line asthma management for children 5-16?
SABA+paediatric moderate-dose ICS MART
OR
Consider changing back to a fixed-dose of a moderate-dose ICS and a separate LABA
What is the seventh line asthma management for children 5-16?
SABA+one of the following options:
- Increase ICS to paediatric high-dose, either as part of a fixed-dose regime or as a MART
- A trial of an additional drug (eg. theophylline)
- Seeking advice from a healthcare professional with expertise in asthma
What is the asthma maintenance and reliver therapy (MART)?
- A form of combined ICS and LABA treatment in which a single inhaler, containing both ICS and a fast-acting LABA, is used for both daily maintenance therapy and the relief of symptoms required
- MART is only available for ICS and LABAL combinations in which the LABA has a fast-acting component (eg. formoterol)
What does NICE recommend in terms of patients who have well controlled asthma, but the guidelines have changed?
It does not advocate for changing treatment in patients who have well-controlled asthma simply to adhere to the latest guidance
What constitutes the low, moderate and high doses of ICS?
- Low dose: <= 200 micrograms budesonide
- Moderate dose: 200-400 micrograms budesonide
- High dose: >400 micrograms budesonide
Why does NO correlate with levels of inflammation?
NO is produced by three types of nitric oxide synthases - one of the types is iNOS (inducible) and levels tend to rise in inflammatory cells, particularly eosinophils
What is the age threshold for objective testing for asthma?
Children >=5 years old
What are the diagnostic tests for asthma in children 5-16 years old?
- Spirometry with a bronchodilatory reversibility test
- FeNO should be requested if there’s normal spirometry or obstructive spirometry with a negative bronchodilatory reversibility
What FeNO threshold is considered a positive result in children?
> = 35ppb
What is the spirometry vale that indicates asthma?
FEV1/FVC ratio less than 70% is considered obstructive