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Emergency Medicine > Respiratory Emergencies > Flashcards

Respiratory Emergencies Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

PE signs of respiratory distress

A 
Anxiety and restlessness
Flaring of nostrils
Use of neck muscles
Use of abdominal muscles for breathing
Cyanosis
Asymmetrical chest movement
Tracheal deviation
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2
Q

Most common causes of respiratory distress

A 
ACS, cardiac arrest
Acute heart failure
Electric shock
drowning 
suffocation
inhalation of poisonous gases
head injuries
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3
Q

Common life-threatening causes of acute severe dyspnea

A 
Arrhythmias
pericardial tamponade
PE
Pneumonia
Asthma or COPD exacerbation
Anaphylaxis and agioedema
Poisoning (ie carbon monoxide)
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4
Q

Causes of respiratory compromise in children

A 
airway anomalies
epiglottitis
uvulitis
tracheitis
peritonsillar abscess
retropharyngeal abscess
asthma
croup
pneumonia
pnemonitits 
foreign body
anaphylaxis
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5
Q

Cardiovascular causes of respiratory failure

A 
Congenital heart dz
acute decompensated heart failure
myocarditis
pericarditis
arrhythmia
MI
valve dysfunction
shock
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6
Q

HEENT causes of respiratory failure

A 
angioedema
anaphylaxis
pharyngeal infxns
deep neck infxns
foreign body
neck trauma
chest wall
rib fractures
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7
Q

Hematologic causes of respiratory failure

A

Severe anemia
hemolysis
methemoglobiemia
CO poisoning

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8
Q

Neurologic causes of respiratory failure

A

depressed ventilation from CNS trauma, infxn or seizures

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9
Q

Toxic and metabolic causes of respiratory failure

A 
Drug overdose
Alcohol
Salicylate poisoning
CO poisoning
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Sepsis
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10
Q

Inspiratory stridor

A 
due to air flow obstruction occurring above the level of the vocal cords
due to things such as:
foreign body
epiglottitis
angioedema
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11
Q

Expiratory/mixed stridor

A

air flow obstruction below the vocal cords

  • croup
  • foreign body
  • bacteral tracheitis
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12
Q

Crackles (rales)

A

Inter-alveolar fluid

  • acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF)
  • adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
  • pneumonia
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13
Q

Potential etiologies of JVD w/ lungs that are CTAB

A
  • RHF
  • Cardiac tamponade
  • PE
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14
Q

Causes of acute pulmonary edema

A
  • cardiac related

- related to near drowning, aspiration pneumonia, smoke inhalation or inhalation of toxins

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15
Q

Croup

A

Characterized by inspiratory stridor, cough and hoarsness that result from inflammation in the larynx and subglottic airway
Barking cough in children
Fever typically absent, mild upper respiratory tract sxs may be present

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16
Q

First and most important therapy in anaphylaxis

A

EPINEPHRINE
NO absolute contraindications
IM injections 0.3-0.5 mg preferable in mid-anterolateral thigh

17
Q

Oxygen delivery in anaphylaxis

A

6-8 L/min via face mask or up to 100% O2 as needed

18
Q

Anaphylactoid rxn

A

A non IGE mediated reaction that resembles anaphylaxis but is not antibody related
Often occurs with first exposure to certain drugs

Dose related toxin with idiosyncratic mechanism rather than an immunologic mediated one

19
Q

Tx of anaphylactoid rxn

A

Treated similarly to anaphylaxis w/ immediate use of epinephrine

20
Q

Panic attack/hyperventilation

A

May presnet w/ discrete episodes of intense fear that begin abruptly and last for several minutes to an hour
Autonomic sxs can include chest pain or SOB

21
Q

Epiglottitis

A

Inflammation of epiglottis and adjacent supra-glottic structures
Can progress to life-threatening airway obstruction w/o tx

22
Q

Infectious epiglottitis

A

Cellulitis of epiglottis, arypiglottic folds and other adjacent tissues. Results from bacteremia and/or direct invasion of the epithelial layer by the pathognomic organism

23
Q

Hallmarks of epiglottitis in children

A 
Abrupt onset and rapid progression (hours)
"The three D's"
1. Dysphagia
2. Drooling
3. Distress
24
Q

What level is FiO2 typically maintained at?

A

Below 0.5 to avoid oxygen toxicity

25
Q

ln

A

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Emergency Medicine (8 decks)

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