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Respiratory Medicine > Respiratory Drugs > Flashcards

Respiratory Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different administering methods of respiratory drugs

A

Inhalation
Oral
Intravenous

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2
Q

What drugs can be used to improve airway patency

A

Bronchodilators

Anti-inflammatory

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3
Q

What drugs are used to prevent mast cell degranulation

A

Chromoglycate

Leukotriene receptor antagonists

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4
Q

Give examples of bronchodilators

A

B2 agonist

Anticholinergic

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5
Q

Give an example of anti-inflammatory drugs

A

Corticosteroids

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6
Q

How do bronchodilators work

A

Work to relax the tone of the smooth muscle and allow the airways to open

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7
Q

How do anti-inflammatory drugs work

A

Reduce mucosal oedema and reduce mucous production

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8
Q

What is the most common combination of drugs to improve ventilation

A

Bronchodilators or bronchodilators combined with a corticosteroid

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9
Q

Describe a preventative strategy to improve ventilation

A

To reduce the inflammatory mediators released into the airway wall which cause narrowing of the airways

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10
Q

Which drugs can impair ventilation

A

Beta-blockers

Respiratory depressants such as benzodiazepines and opioids

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11
Q

How can beta-blockers impair ventilation

A

They will make the airways narrower as they will increase the effect of the smooth muscle constriction

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12
Q

How can respiratory depressants impair ventilation

A

By causing muscle relaxation which will reduce the stimulus for the patient to breathe

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13
Q

Which drugs are used to improve gas exchange

A

Oxygen

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14
Q

How can oxygen be used to improve gas exchange

A

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood

The higher the concentration of gas in the alveolus, the more drug will move into the blood

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15
Q

What are the different methods of inhaled drug delivery

A

Meter Dose Inhaler (MDI) - Puffer

Breath Activated Device such as Spinhaler or Turbohaler

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16
Q

What is the advantage of a breath activated device

A

Picks up the drug as the air moves across the device and carries it into the airway

17
Q

What are the problems with an MDI

A

Fires a jet of drug into the oropharynx to be captured by the air being breathed in
A lot of drug will be deposited around the oropharynx and may lead to local immunosuppression and sometimes candidiasis in the area

18
Q

Which drug is especially known to cause local candidiasis

A

Corticosteroids

19
Q

What are the different aids for inhalation drug delivery

A

Nebuliser

Spacer

20
Q

Describe how a nebuliser works

A

Uses a liquid version of the drug held in a small chamber and the compressor will blow air through the the tube causing it to bubble through the liquid drug
The bubble is coated in the drug and then breathed into the airway

21
Q

What is the advantage of using a nebuliser

A

Increases the amount of drug delivery to the airway and so when a patient is having an acute asthma attack and can’t use a puffer, it’s effective in getting the drug into the airway

22
Q

Describe how a spacer works

A

Allows the patient to activate the device into the chamber and then take a breath in through the chamber including the suspended drug without needing to coordinate the two effectively

23
Q

What are the different types of short acting B agonists and what are their corresponding inhaler colours

A

Salbutamol - blue inhaler

Terbutaline - blue inhaler

24
Q

Give an example of a long acting B agonist and its corresponding inhaler colour

A

Salmeterol - green inhaler

25
Q

What is the function of B agonists

A

Used to relive symptoms of asthma

Relieves bronchoconstriction through smooth muscles

26
Q

Compare the onset of short and long acting B agonists

A

Short - quick onset of 2-3 minutes

Long - slow onset of 1-2 hours

27
Q

Compare the lasting effects of short and long acting B agonists

A

Short lasts 4-6 hours

Long lasts 12-15 hours

28
Q

Compare the route of administration of short and long acting B agonists

A

Short can be administered through inhalation, orally or intravenously
Long can be administered through inhalation only

29
Q

What are the difference in function between short and long acting B agonists

A

Short - used to treat acute bronchial constriction

Long - Used to prevent acute bronchial constriction (always used with an inhaled steroid)

30
Q

What is the function of anticholionergics and what is their corresponding inhaler colour

A

Inhibit muscarinic nerve transmission in autonomic nerves to cause relaxation of the smooth muscle and opening of the airways
Ipratropium - grey inhaler

31
Q

What is the function of corticosteroids

A

To reduce inflammation in the bronchial walls

32
Q

Give examples of different corticosteroids and their corresponding inhaler colours

A

Beclomethasone - brown
Budesonide - brown
Fluticasone - orange
Mometasone - pink

33
Q

What other colour can fluticasone inhalers also be found in

A

Yellow

34
Q

What are compound preparations

A

Inhaled steroid with a long acting B agonist

35
Q

Give examples of compound preparations

A

Seretide - fluticasone/salmeterol
Fostair - beclomethasone/fomoterol
Symbicort - budesonide/fomoterol

36
Q

When should compound preparations be used

A

MART - maintenance and reliever therapy

Use for acute episodes as well as prevention

37
Q

What other drugs can be used to treat asthma

A

Mast cell stabilisers - chromoglycate
Leukotriene inhibitors montelukast
Biologic medicines - xolair, nucala
Oxygen

Respiratory Medicine (7 decks)

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