Respiratory drugs Flashcards
what type of drug is ipratropium bromide?
ipratropium bromide is an antimuscarinic bronchodilator. it works as an antagonist at muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system
what is the mechanism of action of ipratropium bromide?
Ipratropium Bromide works as an antagonist at the muscarinic receptors in the airways. Normally, these receptors cause the smooth muscles around the airways to contract, narrowing the airways and making it difficult to breathe.
By blocking these receptors, Ipratropium prevents the muscles from contracting, allowing the airways to stay open (bronchodilation), which makes breathing easier for people with asthma or COPD.
how does ipratropium bromide affect the parasynaptic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rest-and-digest functions, and it controls the normal contraction of airway muscles. Ipratropium Bromide interferes with this system, reducing the effect of the nerve signals that cause airway constriction
what is acetylcholine do in relation to muscarinic receptors ?
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in the body that binds to muscarinic receptors in various tissues, including the bronchial mucosa When acetylcholine binds to these receptors, it triggers parasympathetic activity, which leads to the contraction of airway muscles, causing bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways).
what neurotransmitter is blocked by ipratropium bromide and how does this help during asthma or copd?
Ipratropium Bromide works by blocking the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors in the bronchial mucosa. This means that acetylcholine can no longer activate these receptors, preventing airway muscle contraction and allowing the airways to stay open.
what type of drug is hydrocortisone?
it is a glucocorticoid which is produced by the adrenal cortex. it has anti- inflammatory effects and immunosuppressant effects.
what are the anti-inflammatory of hydrocortisone?
it works by reducing the body’s inflammatory response by inhibiting the release of inflammatory medicators such as cytokines and prostaglandins.
what does hydrocortisone do in relation to its immunosuppressant effect?
it weakens the immune systems response. this helps prevent the immune system from attacking the bodys own tissue this is important in asthma as the immune system overreacts to harmless substances
what two white blood cells are suppressed by hydrocortisone?
lymphocytes and eosinophils, reducing their ability to cause inflammation and tissue damage
what is histamine?
histamine is a chemical released by the immune system during an allergic reaction . it binds to histamine receptors on the blood vessels, causing vasodilation and increase blood vessel permeability, leading to selling redness and inflammation
what does is the mechanism of antihistamines?
antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors preventing histamine from binding to these receptors, this reverses what histamine does.
what are some common antihistamines
-chlorphenamine
-cetirizine
-fexofenadine
-loratadine
what are H1 receptors in relation to antihistamine?
Antihistamine binds to H1 receptors which are found in the cns and peripheral tissues. by blocking these receptors, antihistamine prevents histamine from exerting its effects on inflammation
what are some effects of antihistamines on the the CNS?
they cause CNS depression, which causes drowsiness and sedation, due to the drug crossing the blood-brain barrier
how does antihistamine having anticholinergic effects affect the body?
many antihistamines have anticholinergic effects meaning they block acetylcholine from biding to muscarinic receptors, this leads to several effects:
bronchodilation
reduction in mucus production
increased heart rate
