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Block 0ne sem one > respiratory disorder (diseases) > Flashcards

respiratory disorder (diseases) Flashcards

1
Q

what is COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

A

(emphysema and chronic bronchitis) - co existing diseases that narrow airways

  • progressive development of airflow limitation, not fully reversible and the destruction of lung parenchyma (alveoli, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles)
  • associated with an inflammatory response to noxious particles
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2
Q

causes of copd: (3)

A
  • smoking (primary0
  • indoor pollution
  • occupational dusts and chemicals
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3
Q

signs and symptoms of COPD

A
  • wheezing; comes from turbulent flow due to mucus plugs etc

- dyspnea

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4
Q

COPD is a progressive disease what is the pathophysiology of early disease?

A

small airways have mucus plugging, inflammation, fibrosis (scarring), narrowing

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5
Q

True or false:

COPD is not curable but progression can be slowed and symptoms controlled with treatments

A

true

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6
Q

What are 3 clinical manifestation of COPD

A
  • increased work of breathing
  • ventilation - perfusion mismatching
  • decreased FEV1
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7
Q

what is the pathopysiology of emphysema? (4 things)

A
  • a decrease of elastic recall
  • destruction of the alveolar walls produce dilated air spaces and therefore less surface area for gas exchange
  • unsupported airways tend to collapse on expiration = air trapping
  • obstruction of small bronchioles (eg mucus plugs)
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8
Q

clinical manifestations of emphysema (6)

A
  • exertional dyspnea
  • weightloss
  • tachypnea with prolonged expiration use of accessory muscles to breath, pursed lips
  • little coughing/ sputum
  • increase anterioposterior ration (barrel chest)
  • leans forward with arms braced on knees to increase lung capacity.
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9
Q

what is chronic bronchitis?

A

a recurrent of chronic productive cough for a minimum of 3 months for 2 consecutive years (eg smokers cough)

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10
Q

pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis (7)

A
  • chronic inflammation
  • bronchoconstriction
  • episodic dyspnea
  • hypertrophy of bronchial glands that secrete mucus leading to mucus plugs
  • hypoventilation and CO2 retention
  • hypoxemia
  • accessory muscle use with increased work of breathing
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11
Q

What are 5 clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis?

A
  • decreased exercise tolerance
  • wheezing and dyspnea
  • productive (wet) cough becomes copious (dry)
  • polycythemia ( high rbc count)
  • decreased FEV1
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12
Q

what does Alpha 1 - antitrypsin do and what happens in its abscence?

A
  • it inhibits vairety of proteases and protects tissues from neutrophil elastase.
  • if absent neutrophil elastase is free to break down elastin which contributes to elasticity of lungs and results in respiartory complication such as emphysema.
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13
Q

what will the FEV1 value be if a person has mild COPD and what are some signs/ symptoms

A
  • approx 60-80%
  • sob on moderate exertion
  • recurrent chest infections
    has little impact on adls
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14
Q

what will the FEV1 value be if a person has moderate COPD and what are some signs/ symptoms

A
  • 40 - 59%
  • increased dyspnea
  • increased limitation of dls
  • cough and sputum production
  • exacerbations require corticosteriods/ antibiotics
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15
Q

what will the FEV1 value be if a person has severe COPD and what are some signs/ symptoms

A
  • less than 40%
  • dyspnea follow minimale exertion
  • adls severly impacted
  • chronic cough
  • regular sputum production
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16
Q

what are 5 non pharmaceutical COPD management methods

A
  • nutrition intervention - increase calorie intake due to increase work of breathing
  • o2 therapy or concentrator
  • smoking cessation
  • breathing techniques
  • psychosocial support
17
Q

COPD Pharmacotherapy what are the 3 types of drugs used commonly for treatment

A
  • bronchodialators (short or long acting ) (beta agonists)
  • inhaled corticosteriods
  • oral corticosteriods
18
Q

An acute exarcerbation of COPD is a common reason for hospitilisation and mechanical ventilation, what is this and what is the common cause behind it ?-

A
  • (AECOPD) = clinical diagnosis made when a patient with COPD experiences sustained (eg 24hrs) increase in cough, sputum production and/or dyspnea
  • most common cause = bacterial or viral infections
19
Q

Cor Pulmonale and right heart failure is a complication of COPD what is the clinical manifestations and treatment for this?

A
  • Clinical manifestation = heart appears normal at rest and with exercise co is decreased and chest pain is present
  • treatment = decrease workload of right ventricle by lowering pulmonary artery pressure
20
Q

what is asthma

A
  • chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterised by reversible airflow obstruction resulting in a cough, wheeze, chest tightness and SOB
  • bronchial hyper responsiveness
21
Q

cause for asthama?

A
  • not completely understood but potentially a combination of geentic predisposition with enviromental exposure to inhaled substances and particles that may provoke allergic reactions of irritate airways
22
Q

Triggers of asthma?

A
  • may include: cold air, extreme emotional arousal, physical exercise, certain meds (eg NSAIDS and betablockers), respiratory infections (eg cold)
23
Q

What is asthma pathopysiology (early and late response)

A 
early = bronchoconstriction 
late = inflammation (occurs up to 6 hrs after exposure)
24
Q

during an asthma attack immunoglobulin E cause the mast cells to degranualte releasing a large number of inflammatory mediators. what are these?

A
  • vasodialation
  • increase capillary permeability
  • mucosal oedema
  • bronchospasm ( bronchial smooth muscle contraction)
  • tenacious mucus secretion
25
Q

4 prevention methods of asthma

A
  • reduce exposure to allergens
  • reduce air pollution
  • smoking cessation
  • flu immunisation
26
Q

Pharmaceutical management of the different severities of asthma

A 
mild = SABA inhalers
moderate= anti inflammatory meds and ICS 
severe = LABA and oral NSAIDS
27
Q

what is some ways on non pharmalogical treatment of asthma

A
  • o2 therapy
  • monitoring gas exchange and airway obstruction in response to therapy
  • education of triggers
  • skin prick testing for allergies

Block 0ne sem one (5 decks)

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