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Respiratory Diseases of Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Functional Anatomy of Respiratoy System in Ruminants

A
  • well-developed lung lobes and lobulation
  • smal total alveolar surface area
  • extensive lymphatic drainage
    • pleural effusion is rare
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2
Q

Calf Diphteria

A
  • oral necrobacillosis, necrotic laryngitis
  • infection of the soft tissue of the oral cavity and/or the laryngeal mucosa
    • primary-Fusobacterium necrophorum
    • secondary-Trueperella pyrogenes
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3
Q

Clinical signs of Calf Diphteria

A
  • fever
  • anorexia
  • excessive salivation
  • halitosis
  • moist painful cough if larynx affected
  • +/- inspiratory dyspnea if larynx affected
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4
Q

Treatment of Calf Diphteria

A
  • penicillin +/- sulfa (anaerobes)
  • NSAIDs may help pain
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5
Q

Viral Respiratory Diseases in Ruminants

A
  • transmitted via direct contact or aerosol
  • beef cattle:
    • more common after arrival at feedlots or sale barns
  • dairy cattle:
    • calves up to 6 months
    • adults- sporadic occurrence
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6
Q

Diagnosis of ruminant viral respiratory diseases

A
  • virus isolation
  • PCR
  • antigen detection
  • serology
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7
Q

Parainfluenza virus type 3

A
  • RNA virus
  • paramyxovirus family
  • affects cattle, sheep and goats
  • predisposes to secondary infections (other viruses and bacteria)
  • infects and divides in ciliated cells and alveolar macrophages
  • most cells are restored within 12-21 days
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8
Q

Clinical signs of PI-3

A
  • fever
  • cough
  • nasal and ocular discharge
  • subclinical infection is common
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9
Q

Vaccination for PI-3

A
  • modified live intranasal
  • modified live IM
  • killed IM (not really effective)
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10
Q

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A
  • paramyxovirus
  • affects cattle, sheep and goats
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11
Q

Clinical signs of BRSV

A
  • variable
  • mild upper respiratory signs
  • severe respiratory distress and death
  • no oral or nasal ulceration
  • subcutaneous emphysema may be present
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12
Q

Diagnosis of BRSV

A
  • very difficult
  • serology
  • virus isolation
  • immunofluorescence of lung tissue
  • RT-qPCR
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13
Q

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis causative agent

A
  • Bovine herpesvirus 1.1
  • latency occurs in convalescent animals (neurons)
  • carriers rarely demonstrate signs of disease
    • may shed virus and initiate outbreaks
  • outbreaks are often self-limiting unless complicated by secondary infection
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14
Q

Clinical signs of IBR

A
  • subclinical to very severe
  • fever, nasal discharge, cough
  • conjuctivitis, corneal opacities
  • pustules and/or diphteric plaques in the nose
  • hyperemia of muzzle: “rednose”
  • abortion
  • secondary bacterial infection
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15
Q

Diagnosis of IBR

A
  • clinical signs
    • conjunctivitis, pustules, nasal hyperemia
  • laboratory
    • virus isolation
    • serology
    • PCR
    • antigen detection (immunofluorescence, IIC)
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16
Q

Treatment of IBR

A
  • antibiotics if secondary bacterial pneumonia is suspected
  • do not give corticosteroids
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17
Q

Vaccination for IBR

A
  • modified live IM (lifelong immunity)
  • modified live intranasal (up to 3 yrs immunity)
  • killed IM preparation
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18
Q

Bovine Bronchopneumonia

A

Bovine respiratory disease complex

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19
Q

Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • “Dairy Pneumonia”
  • enzootic implies offending agents present continuously
  • calves 2 weeks to 5 months old (peak 40-50 day) intensively raised (veal, dairy)
    • morbidity: 1-29%
    • mortality: <5%
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20
Q

Predisposing factors for Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • environmental factors
    • inadequate ventilation
    • inadequate temperature & humidity control
    • poor sanitation
    • overcrowding
    • noxious gases (urinary ammonia)
    • dust
  • failure of passive transfer of immunity
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21
Q

Common agents involved in Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • IBR, PI-3, BRSV, BVD
  • Mycoplasma spp (can be sole agent)
  • bacteria
    • P. multocida (enzootic)
    • T. pyogenes, M. haemolytica, H. somni, Strept, Salmonella, E. coli, Pseudomonas
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22
Q

Clinical signs of Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • fever
  • coughing
  • nasal discharge
  • respiratory distress
  • bloat
  • weight loss
  • auscultation (large airway sounds)
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23
Q

Diagnosis of Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • clinical signs
  • hematology (viral vs. bacterial)
  • nasal swabs for virus/Mycoplasm
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24
Q

Treatment and prognosis of Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • treatment
    • antibiotics
    • NSAIDs
    • nursing care
  • prognosis: usually good
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25
Prevention of Enzootic Calf Pneumonia
* vaccination * environmental management * passive transfer of immunity
26
Shipping Fever Complex
* most common in young cattle that have rececntly undergone shipping to sale yards and feedlots * most common cause of mortality and morbidity in feedlot cattle * morbidity: 10-75% * mortality: 0-45% * economic losses in USA ~ $1 billion annually
27
Clinical signs of Shipping Fever Complex
* peak incidence occurs 7-14 days after arrival at feedlot * sick animals stand off by themselves * depressed * decreased feed intake * increased respiratory rate * fever * ocular and nasal discharge * moist cough * advanced cases: dyspnea, death
28
Etiologic agents of Shipping Fever Complex
* ***Mannheimia haemolytica A:1*** * ***Pasteurella multocida*** * ***Histophilus somni*** * *Mycoplasma bovis, M. dispar, Ureaplasma spp* * *Trueperella pyogenes* * Gram negatives*: E. coli, Pseudomonas sp, Salmonella sp.* * Gram positives: *Streptococcus sp. Staphylococcus sp* * Anaerobes
29
*Mannheimia haemolytica* (Shipping Fever Complex)
* 16 serotypes: A1 most common * normal inhabitant of nasopharynx * A1 rarely cultured in asymptomatic animals * growth of A1 after stress * virulence factors * leukotoxin
30
*Histophilus somni* (Shipping Fever Complex)
* normal inhabitant of nasopharynx * significant cause of pneumonia in feedlots * incidence is quite variable * other diseases: * thromboembolic meningoencephalitis * arthritis, infertility, abortion, otitis...
31
*Mycoplasma* (Shipping Fever Complex)
* commonly isolated * *M. bovis, M. dispar* and *Ureaplasma spp* * mild respiratory pathogens * immunosuppression
32
Diagnosis of Shipping Fever Complex
* Hematology * leukopenia and lymphopenia acutely with viral insult * leukocytosis with left shift * elevated fibrinogen * radiography and/or u/s * transtracheal wash * necropsy
33
Treatment of Shipping Fever Complex
* Antibiotics * Ceftiofur, Tilmicosin, Florfenicol, Enrofloxacin, Tulathromycin, Gamithromycin * Avoid aminoglycosides (persist in kidneys), chloramphenicol, excessive doses (change withdrawal period) * antiinflammatory therapy * NSAIDs * avoid corticosteroids * supportive therapy * nutritional support * maintain hydration
34
Prevention of Shipping Fever Complex
* Preconditioning * weaning, vax, castration, deqorming, dehorning, change feeding at least 3 weeks before shipping * avoid auction yards and overcrowding * vaccination on arrival at the feedlot (IBR, *Mannheimia*) * mass antimicrobial therapy on arrival at the feedlot: metaphylaxis
35
Vaccination for Shipping Fever Complex
* Viral agents? * *Histophilus somni* (bacterin) * very effective experimentally * *Mannheimia haemolytica* * bacterin: not effective, perhaps detrimental * modified live: limited efficacy * leukotoxin and surface antigens: more effective
36
Vena caval thrombosis and metastatic pneumonia
* multifocal abscessation of lungs caused by septic thromboembolism * emboli usually originate from caudal vena cava * commonly occur secondary to rumenitis- induced liver abscessation
37
Pathogenesis of vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia
rumenitis secondary to lactic acidosis caused by ingestion of highly fermentable feeds --\> bacteria penetrate rumen wall and are filtered out in liver --\> liver abscesses invade and form septic thrombus in caudal vena cava = septic emboli from thrombus lodges in pulmonary arterioles causing arteritis, aneurysms and abscesses
38
Other causes of metastatic pneumonia
* jugular vein phlebitis * mastitis * metritis * footrot * bacteria involved include *Fusobacterium necrophorum, T. pyogenes, E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus*
39
clinical signs of vena caval thrombosis
* most common in feedlot cattle * duration of signs is variable (acute to chronic) * weight loss * hemoptysis * combination of respiratory signs with anemia widespread wheezes and hemoptysis is generally considered to be pathognomonic * rapid deterioration after hemoptysis
40
Treatment and prognosis of vena caval thrombosis
* treatment * penicillin * prognosis * almost invariably fatal
41
prevention of vena caval thrombosis
* slow introduction to highly fermentable diets * anitbiotics to ration
42
Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema (ABPEE)
* atypical interstitial pneumonia, "fog fever" * adult cattle (\> 2 yr) * dry, sparse forage to lush, green pasture * western US- cows are moved from dry summer pastures to irrigated pastures in fall * southest US- cattle fed winter rye grass
43
Clinical signs of ABPEE
* develop 2-14 days after pasture switch * acute onset of dyspnea, with loud expiratory grunt, open mouth breathing and tachypnea * normal lung sounds * coughing is rare * mortality (up to 30%) may occur within 2 days. recovery in others is rapid
44
pathophysiology of ABPEE
L-tryptophan in lush pasture --\> rumenal bacteria convert indole acetic acid to 3-methylindole --\> metabolized by MFO system in Clara cells (absorbed into circulation) --\>reactive intermediates that bind intracellular proteins --\> necrosis of type I pneumocytes and Clara cells
45
Treatment and Prevention of ABPEE
* Treatment * avoid stress * NSAIDs * Prevention * slowly introduce to pasture * lonophore antibiotics
46
Parasitic Pneumonia in cattle
* *Dictyocaulus viviparus* * most important in animals \< 2 yrs of age * 1-3 weeks after moving to infected pasture * two clinical syndromes * primary syndromes (animal exposed for 1st time) * reinfection syndrome (massive challenge required) * infective L3 develop in feces on pasture from L1 in 5-7 days
47
Diagnosis of parasitic pneumonia in cattle
* clinical signs and history * demonstration of L1 during patent stage (Baermann) * eosinophils in transtracheal wash during pre-patent stage * peripheral eosinophilia
48
treatment of parasitic pneumonia of cattle
* remove from infected pasture * affected animals may get worse before improving * levamisole, fenbendazole, ivermectin kill immature and mature *D. viviparus*
49
Upper respiratory conditions in sheep and goats
* necrotic laryngitis * retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation * *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
50
Bacterial pneumonia in sheep and goats
* similar to the bovine respiratory disease complex * interaction of environmental factors, viruses, *Mycoplasma* spp. and bacteria * mainly *M. haemolytica* * *C. pseudotuberculosis* lung abscesses
51
Parasitic pneumonia in sheep and goats
* *Dictyocaulus filaria* * *Protostrongylus rufescens* (IH-snail) * *Muellerius capillaris* (IH-snail) * most common but least pathogenic
52
viral respiratory diseases in sheep and goats
* acute * PI-3 * BRSV * adenovirus: mild respiratory signs, conjunctivitis * chronic * ovine progressive pneumonia (sheep only) * CAE (goats only) * pulmonary adenomatosis (mainly sheep)
53
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
* nononcogenic retrovirus of the subfamily Lentiviridae * related to CAE * long incubation period (years) * horizontal transmission common (nose-to-nose, fomites, aerosol droplets) * vertical transmission rare * usually seen in sheep \> 2-3 years of age * death usually with 6-12 months of first clinical signs
54
clinical signs of ovine progressive pneumonia
* weight loss despite a good appetite * progressive respiratory failure * lymphocytic mastitis * posterior paresis * arthritis * vasculitis
55
ddx of ovine progressive pneumonia
* bronchopneumonia * ovine pulmonary adenomatosis * parasitic pneumonia * *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
56
diagnosis of ovine progressive pneumonia
* signalment, clinical signs, lack of treatment response * serology (AGID, ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence) * virus isolation, PCR amplification
57
Treatment and prevention of ovine progressive pneumonia
* no treatment * remove seropositive animals * isolate lambs as birth
58
Pulmonary adenomatosis
* Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma * Jaagsiekte * Type D retrovirus is implicated (JSRV) * mature sheep (1-4 years of age) * progressive weight loss, tachypnea, coughing, heavy nasal discharge especially when rear limbs raised
59
clinical signs of pulmonary adenomatosis
* progressive weight loss * tachypnea * coughing * heavy nasal discharge especially when rear limbs raised * lesions: discrete nodules * death occurs within a few months of first clinical signs
60
Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary adenomatosis
* PCR amplification * no serological test * no treatment

Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 (10 decks)

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