Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Pathophysiology > Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the bronchial tree?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Alveoli/ respiratory units
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of epithelium does the NOSE have?

A

stratified squamous epithelium (several layers of flat cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of epithelium does the NASOPHARYNX/ TRACEHA have?

A

Pseudostratified cilated columnar (tall, slim)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of epithelium does the AIRWAYS have?

A

Simple cuboidal (hexagonal boxes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common type of alveolar?

A

AT1 (95%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 main lung function measures?

A
  • Airway resistance
  • Lung volume & capacity
  • Spirometry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are lungs held against the chest?

A

Negative pleural pressure (vacuum seal between parietal (chest) & visceral (lung) layers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Pneumothorax?

A

small air blisters on top of lungs which can burst (air into pleural space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are pneumothorax formed?

A
  • Degradation of elastic fibres in lung wall

- Smoking / COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the mechanism behind CF?

A

-Cl- doesn’t enter –> hyerabsorption of Na+ –> more water –> thick mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is CF diagnosed?

A
  • Genetic tests
  • Increased trypsinogen
  • Sweat test
  • Altered potential difference (nasal epithelium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are current therapies for IPF?

A
  • Pirfenidone (anti-fibrotic)
  • Nintedanib (blocks fibroblast / growth factors)
  • Not efficient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the typical stages of IPF?

A

inflammation –> fibrosis –> Extra-cellular matrix deposition –> tissue remodelling –> less oxygen –> organ failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is airway remodelling?

A

epithelial cell damage + mucus hypersecretion

  • vascular size changes (increased permeability)
  • Increased smooth muscle + fibroblasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A
  • Chronic infection in small airways (lungs = damaged, scarred & dilated)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 forms of bronchiectasis?

A
  • Localised e.g. tumor

- Generalised e.g. most of lungs

17
Q

What are the 3 types of dilation in bronchiectasis?

A
  • Saccular (cystic) –> severe ballooning
  • Varicose bronchiectasis –> bronchial walls beaded as dilated areas mixed with areas of constriction
  • Cylindrical (most common)
18
Q

What is ARDS characterised by?

A

Layer of cell debris build up in lungs (hyaline cartilage: glassy appearance)
- increased A-C permeability

19
Q

What can cause ARDS?

A
  • aspiration of gut, near drowning, infections, drugs, pneumonia, trauma
20
Q

List some common obstructive lung diseases?

A
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Respiratory bronchiolitis
  • Asthma
  • Emphysema
21
Q

What are 2 key characteristics of asthma pathophysiology

A
  • Chronic airway inflammation

- Airway remodelling/ fibosis

22
Q

What is the asthmatic response driven by?

A

Strong Th2-type response

releases IL-4 & 5

23
Q

What are 4 pathogenic infections which can worsen asthma?

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Mycoplasma
  • Haemophilus
  • Influenzae
24
Q

Steroid therapy is a completely effective therapy for asthma. True or False?

A

False: 5-20% are resistant

25
Q

How is asthma diagnosed?

A
  • Pulmonary functional testing
  • Spirometry (best)
  • Forced oscillations
  • Medical history
  • Blood tests
26
Q

What are common Asthma treatments? (3)

A
  • Corticosteroids
  • Beta-2 agnoists (SABA + LABA)
  • Anti-IgE
27
Q

What is emphysema? (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

A

Progressive lung disease: bronchitis, emphysema, breathing difficulties
-No effective treatments

28
Q

What are environmental exposures to emphysema?

A
  • Smoking
  • Biomass smoke
  • Bushfire smoke
29
Q

Define emphysema

A

destruction + enlargement of air spaces & lung tissue

30
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

inflammation of mucous membranes

31
Q

What are the 2 phenotypes of bronchitis?

A
  • Pink puffer: over ventilate + maintain normal blood gas levels until late stage
  • Blue bloater: chronic + unable to compensate by increased ventilation
32
Q

What is the difference between centriacinar + panacinar damage in emphysema?

A
  • C: only terminal + respiratory bronchioles

- P: damaged + destroyed

Human Pathophysiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions