respiratory diseases Flashcards
obstructive lung diseases ?
asthma - 10% of total population
COPD - 1% of total population
restrictive lung disease
cystic fibrosis -
8500 people in uk
what is asthma (4 characteristics)
chronic inflammatory disored
airway hyper-responsiveness
widespread, variable and reversible airflow limitation
paroxysmal or persistent symptoms (wheeze, cough,chest tightness, mucus hyper-secretion
what are the two main developments of asthma ?
environmental allergens, toxic substances
genetic predisposition
triggers of asthma
allergens air irritants aspirin lung infections exercise
measurement of exercise induced asthma
drop in FEV1 more than 10 %
What are the main treatments for asthma ?
relievers - immediate effect - relaxation of airway muscles
preventers - long term effect , reduce inflammation and swelling of airways , inhaled corticosteroids
no cure - remission/excaberation
what is COPD?
Common preventable and treatable disease,
characterized by airflow limitation that is usually
progressive and associated with an enhanced
chronic inflammatory response in the airways and
the lung to noxious particles or gases (e.g., cigarette
smoke)
what two respiratory conditions come under COPD?
Chronic bronchitis >inflammation of the bronchi phlegm persistent cough • Emphysema abnormal and permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with destruction of the airspace walls without obvious fibrosis airways collapse shortness of breath
risk factors for COPD?
cigarette smoke
occupational dust and chemicals
environmental tobacco smoke
indoor and outdoor air pollution
treatment for COPD ?
No cure • But relief of symptoms through: >long-acting bronchodilators >steroids >mucolytics >oxygen therapy • Pulmonary rehabilitation > including exercise
what are the main factors of restrictive lung disease ? (2)
Loss of airway compliance lung stiffness incomplete lung expansion Restrictive Lung Disease • Fibrosis formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue
what is cystic fibrosis ?
Gene mutation
what are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis ?
thick and sticky mucus cough
frequent lung infections
digestive problems prolonged diarrhoea and poor weight
gain
what is the treatment for cystic fibrosis >?
No cure • Medicine >bronchodilators >antibiotics >steroids >mucolytics • Chest physiotherapy • Diet • Exercise
How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed ?
Sweat test • Genetic test > carrier testing: mouthwash > antenatal testing > new-born: heel-prick
FVC
Forced vital capacity
FEV1
Forced expiratory
volume in one sec
FEV1/FVC
> Tiffeneau ratio
> ~0.80 (or 80%)
PEF
peak expiratory flow
Lower limit of normal (LLN)
values below 5th percentile of the frequency distribution of
values measured in the reference population are considered
to be below the expected “normal range”
what is the bronchodilator test ?
Differential diagnosis between asthma and COPD
• Inhaled b2-agonist
>response of the bronchial smooth muscle to a bronchodilator
Reversibility of the obstruction in asthma only
method of bronchodilator test ?
baseline spirometry (FEV1)
>inhalation of a b2-agonist (e.g., 400 mg salbutamol)
>15 min later: spirometry (FEV1)
>if FEV1 ³ 12% and ³ 200 ml: positive test
what are the responses of the bronchial smooth muscle ?
compare baseline FEV1 to post - exsposure FEV1
significant fall in FEV1 = sign of AH
