Respiratory diseases

Question 1

Causes Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 1

hyperventilation, increased excretion of carbon dioxide by the lungs

Question 2

other causes for respiratory alkalosis

Answer 2

Hypoxemia, pulmonary embolus, high altitude, impaired lung expansion, pul-
monary fibrosis, ascites, scoliosis, pregnancy, CHF, stimulation of respiratory

center, anxiety hyperventilation, encephalitis or meningitis (hepatic failure),
salicylates (aspirin overdose), theophylline, CNS trauma, CNS tumor, excessive
exercise, extreme stress, severe pain, mechanical overventilation

Question 3

Clinical presentation for respiratory alkalosis

Answer 3

tachypnea, hypocapnia, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, numbness and tingling, blurred vision, diaphoresis, dry mouth,

muscle cramps, carpopedal spasms, muscle twitching and weakness, hyper-
reflexia, arrhythmias, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia

Question 4

treatment for respiratory alkalosis

Answer 4

Treat the underlying cause
Increase carbon dioxide retention (rebreathing, sedation)

Question 5

causes respiratory acidosis

Answer 5

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory failure,

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), myasthenia gravis, respiratory center depres-
sion, drugs (barbiturates, sedatives, narcotics, anesthetics), central nervous system

(CNS) lesions (stroke, tumor), inadequate mechanical ventilation, hypermetabo-
lism, sepsis, burns

Question 6

clinical presentation respiratory acidosis

Answer 6

hypercapnia, restlessness, disorientation, confusion,
sleepiness, visual disturbances, headache, flushing, dyspnea, cyanosis, decreased
deep tendon reflexes, hyperkalemia, palpitations

Question 7

treatment respiratory acidosis

Answer 7

Treatment
Treat the underlying cause
Support ventilation
Correct electrolyte imbalance

Question 8

causes metabolic acidosis

Answer 8

Causes: acid retention, deficit of base in the blood
Renal failure (acid retention), diabetic or alcoholic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis,
starvation and fasting, ingestion of toxins (aspirin, antifreeze, cyanide, iron),
severe diarrhea (HCO3

− loss), renal failure (inability to reabsorb HCO3
−)

Question 9

clinical presentation metabolic acidosis

Answer 9

hyperventilation (compensatory), muscular twitching, weakness, malaise, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, hyperkalemia (cardiac arrhythmias), coma (death)

Question 10

treatment for metabolic acidosis

Answer 10

Treat underlying cause
Correct electrolyte imbalance; use NaCO3 for severe acidosis (pH < 7.2)

Question 11

causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 11

Causes: abnormal loss of acid or excess accumulation of bicarbonate
Hypokalemia, diuretic therapy, steroids, vomiting, nasogastric suctioning,
peptic ulcer (milk alkali syndrome, excessive intake of antacids, overcorrection
of acidosis), massive blood transfusion, hyperaldosteronism, Cushing disease

Question 12

clinical presentation of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 12

hypoventilation (compensatory), dysrhythmias, nausea, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, irritability, agitation, restlessness,

muscle twitching, cramping, hypotonia, weakness, Trousseau sign, paresthesias,
seizures, coma, hypokalemia, hypochloremia.

Question 13

treatment for metabolic alkalosis

Answer 13

Treat underlying causes
Administer potassium chloride