Respiratory Disease Flashcards
When does Acute respiratory disease occur?
What can this cause?
When any part of the normal respiratory is interrupted or fails to function adequately. This leads to the failure of 02 being transferred to the circulation and of carbon dioxide being eliminated.
Hypoxia and hypercapnia
What are the clinical signs of acute respiratory disease?
Tachypnoea, orthopnoea, dyspnoea Mouth breathing Cyanosis Tachycardia Collapse
What can cause acute respiratory disease?
Ruptured diaphragm Pneumothorax, haemothorax, pyothorax, chylothorax Neoplasia Infections Pulmonary oedema Pulmonary haemorrhage Paraquat poisoning GDV
Nursing care of acute respiratory disease?
Is a life threatening emergency
The VN needs to:
- inform VS
- set up and administrator 02
- do not stress the patient
- remove tight collar and leads
- close monitoring - rates, BP, spo2 if possible
What causes chronic pulmonary disease?
Bronchitis Pneumonia Pulmonary oedema Feline asthma Lungworm Neoplasia Pulmonary haemorrhage
Clinical signs of chronic pulmonary disease?
Coughing Wheezing Tachycardia Exercise intolerance Debility
How is chronic pulmonary disease diagnosed?
History Clinical examination Blood test X-rays Bronchoscope Faecal analysis -lungworm Bronchoalveolar lovage
Define sinusitis?
Inflammation of one or more sinuses
Define rhinitis?
Inflammation of the nasal lining
Define epistaxis?
Bleeding from the nose
Define laryngitis ?
Inflammation of the larynx
Define tracheitis ?
Inflammation of the trachea
define darcyocytitis?
Is infection/inflammation of the lacrimal sac - normally secondary to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct
Define pharyngitis?
Inflammation of the pharynx - causes a sore throat
Define serous
Is any body fluid that resembles serum - normally pale yellow or transparent
Define mucoid
Mucus
Define mucopurulent
Fluid containing mucus and pus
What can cause nasal discharge?
Viral, bacteria, fungal infections
Allergies
Neoplasia
FB
Common causes of epistaxis?
Trauma
Tumours
Coagulopathies
Name some common disorders/illnesses/problems that can cause nasal discharge in dogs?
Distemper KC complex Aspergilus spp- a fungus that causes aspergillosis FB Neoplasia
Name some common disorders/illnesses/problems that can cause nasal discharge in cats?
Feline upper respiratory disease Chlamydophila FB Neoplasia Trauma
How do you diagnose and treat nasal disease?
History and clinical examination Blood tests - haematology, biochemistry and clotting profiles And serology - if pathogens suspected X-rays of nasal chambers and thorax Rhinoscopy MRI or CT scan Bacterial or fungal culture Nasal flush for cytology Nasal biopsy and histopathology
Treatment depends on causal factor i.e support treatment for viral infection, antibiotic for bacterial infection, anti-fungal treatment.
How should nasal disease be nursed?
Isolate and barrier nurse infectious cases even if poss
Monitor vitals
Keep patient clean, bathe away discharge and groom as necessary. Prevent excoriation around orifices by the use of petroleum.
Encourage patients to eat by feeding highly palatable, strong smelling food.
Humidify the air
Explain laryngeal disease and causes
Laryngeal disease includes laryngitis, laryngeal paralysis, oedema and trauma. Causes include persistent barking in dogs and respiratory tract infections in dogs and cats.
Clinical signs of laryngeal disease?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
Dysphonia
Coughing/gagging - esp when trying to meow or bark
Exercise intolerance
Dyspnoea- in cases of laryngeal paralysis
Diagnosis - history and clinical examination
Examination of larynx - patients normally need anaesthesia
Treatment depends on cause:
Laryngeal paralysis - surgery
Laryngitis - supportive tx, poss- anti-inflammatory and antibiotics
How would you nurse a patient with laryngeal disease?
Don’t use neck collar - use harness or head collar to prevent pressure around neck
Rest and avoid excitement
Keep patient cool
02 if needed
VS might need to induce and incubate in severe cases of laryngeal paralysis
Define dysphonia?
Difficulty speaking
Define orthopnoea?
Dyspnoea in lateral recumbency - improves in stern always recumbency
How would you treat chronic pulmonary disease? And why would each medication be used
Treatment depends on cause
Anti-inflammatorys
Bronchodilators to treat narrowing of airways (feline asthma cases)
Mucolytics - to reduce mucous viscosity to aid removal
Expectorants - to aid remove of secretions
Antibiotics
Anthelmintics - in cases of lungworm
Antitussives to suppress coughing if indicated
Diuretics - for pulmonary oedema
Extra pulmonary disease? clinical signs? Diagnosis?
Is when the lungs unable to inflate adequately as a result of air or fluid, abdominal organs, neoplasia in the thoracic cavity.
Clinical signs depend on underlying cause but might include: Tachypnoea Cyanosis Severe respiratory distress Shock Collapse
Diagnosis includes:
Clinical examination
Blood tests
X-rays
How is extra pulmonary disease treated?
Thoracocentesis
Indwelling chest drain (pyothorax or chylothorax)
And specific treatment depending on underlying cause
Define chylothorax
A accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the space surrounding the pleural space
How would you nurse a patient with extra pulmonary disease?
Monitor vital signs Decrease stress and provide warm environment Provide 02 I/v access and IVFT Thoracocentesis
