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CP Exam 1 jop simpler > Respiratory Control > Flashcards

Respiratory Control Flashcards

1
Q

When it comes to breathing, what does the brain control?

A
  1. Frequency of breathing
  2. Pattern of breathing (depth of breathing)
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2
Q

PA is what?

A

alveolar blood pressure

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3
Q

Pa is what?

A

Arterial BP

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4
Q

What is the controller of our respiratory control?

A

Medullary centers

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5
Q

What are the effectors of our respiratory control?

A

Skeletal muscle

-Diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, internal intercostal m, abdominal m.

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6
Q

The effectors are regulated by what?

A

Controlled variables

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7
Q

Medullary centers control—> _________, which are regulated by _________. Changes are then determined by our ________ and sent to _________.

A

Medullary centers control effectors, which are regulated by our controlled variables. Changes are then picked up by our sensors and then sent back to the medullar centers.

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8
Q

What are our respiratory medullary centers?

A
  1. DRG- dorsal respiratory group
  2. VRG- ventral respiratory group
  3. PRG- pontine respiratory group
  4. Botzinger complex

5. Pre-botzinger complex.

—–All are bilateral——

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9
Q

Where is our VRG (ventral respiratory group) located?

What type of neurons does it consist of?

A

Located medullary: run from the begining of brain stem–> pons.

Consists of inspiratory and expiratory neurons .

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10
Q

Where is the DRG located and what type of neurons does our DRG consist of?

A

-Medullary

Inspiratory neurons

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11
Q

Where is the PRG located?

What type of neurons do our PRG consist of?

A

- Pons

-IE neurons

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12
Q

Where is the Botzinger complex located?

What type of neurons does it consist of?

A

it sits on top of the VRG

E neurons (expiratory neurons)

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13
Q

Where is the pre-betztinger complex located?

A

Medullary: between the rostral end of the VRG and the Botzinger complex.

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14
Q

What is the most important medullary respiratory center?

A

Pre-botzinger complex.

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15
Q

When we look at the respiratory control center, what must the brain determine?

A
  1. Timing (frequency of breathing)
  2. Depth of breathing (do we need to increase or decrease depth of breathing)

& convey these signals —> motor neurons.

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16
Q

What areas determine our frequency (timing of breathing)? What is their role?

A

Pre-botzinger–> generates our core rhythm

PRG–> controls how long we inspire for (activity –> turns off inspiration)

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17
Q

Another name for the pre-betzinger complex is what?

A

Central pattern generator

(generates our pattern of breathing)

18
Q

Is the pre-botzinger region the only region that plays a role in determining the frequency of breathing?

A

No.

But in bbs and fetuses, it is the most important.

19
Q

In determing the frequency of breathing, what factors are important?

A
  1. Determine how long inspiration and expiration are.
  2. Transition from expiration and inspiration
20
Q

Damage of the pontine respiratory group (PRG) causes?

A

A problem with the transition of breathing called apneusis.

Apneusis–> we cannot turn off inspiration without activating our vagus nerve. Thus, we are stuck in apneusis.

21
Q

Apneusis occurs when there is damage to the PRG and we are stuck in inspiration. How do we stop this?

A

Activate the vagus nerve.

22
Q

What is the role of the PRG?

A

It determines the length of inspiration, under normal conditions.

23
Q

So; what determines the timing (frequency of breathing)?

A
  1. Pre-botzinger complex
  2. PRG
24
Q

What determines the depth (pattern) of breathing?

A
  1. VRG- depth
  2. DRG- depth of breathing (tidal volume)
25
Q

Role of the DRG

A
  • Controls depth of breathing (tidal volume)
  • 95 of pre-motor neurons in the DRG sends sensory information –>
  • phrenic nucleus* in the spinal cord–>

+ phrenic N motor neurons –>

CONTROL PATTERN OF BREATHING (ex. slow, deep breath, etc).

26
Q

Role of VRG

A

Rostral part of VRG fire during inspiration; premotor neurons–> inspiratory muscles* and phrenic n-

Caudal part of the VRG will fire during expiration; premotor neuons –> upper airway and expiratory muscles

27
Q

Name this disorder:

  • Appearance: Maintain inspiratory discharge
  • Results from:* pontine damage
  • Effects*: Increase in CO2, decrease in O2;
A

Apneusis

28
Q

What effects will we see with apneusis?

A

Increase CO2

Decrease O2

29
Q

What is apnea?

  • Appearance
  • Results from
  • Effects
A

Appearance- No respiratory effort (no inspiration)

Results from- damage from medullary or spinal cord

Effects: increase CO2 and decrease O2= drop in pH

30
Q

What are our control variables in respiratory control

A

CO2

O2

pHa

31
Q

How can we determine how changes in CO2, O2, pHa will affect respiratory control?

A

Gas exchange

VE= f *VT

32
Q

What are our sensors in respiratory control?

A

Chemoreceptors

33
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

a neuron specific to chemicals: CO2, O2, H+.

Changes in the concentration of these will alter the firing rate of the chemoreceptor.

34
Q

How will a increase in CO2 affect firing?

A

Increase firing

35
Q

How will a decrease in O2 affect firing?

A

Increase firing

36
Q

How will a increase in H+ ions affect firing?

A

Increase firing

37
Q

What is the NORMAL response of a respiratory neuron to an increase in CO2 or a decrease in CO2?

A

Shut down: decrease activity and decrease ventillation.

Ex. when a little kid holds in breath, they will pass would

Chemoreceptors act to override this

38
Q

How do chemoreceptors act, compared to our normal respiratory neurons?

A

They are designed to act the exact opposite: they will increase their rate of activatity during hypoxia or hypercapnia.

–> Activate respiratory centers

–> + respiration

39
Q

What are the 2 sets of chemoreceptors?

A
  1. Central chemoreceptors (in the brain)
  2. Peripheral chemoreceptors (in carotid and the aorta)

Each has a different role when controlling ventillation.

40
Q

Central chemoreceptors

Where are they located?

What are they sensitive to?

A

1.

CP Exam 1 jop simpler (15 decks)

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