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NUR235 - Acute And Community nursing > Respiratory Conditions > Flashcards

Respiratory Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Nose’s role

A

Humidified and warms air and filters small particles

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2
Q

What does the trachea split into

A

Bifurcated into the right and left bronchi at a junction known as the carina or angle of Louis

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3
Q

What are located in the lung?

A

Bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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4
Q

What are the bronchiole encircled by and what do they do?

A

Smooth muscles that constrict and dilate in response to stimuli

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5
Q

What is bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation ?

A

Increase and decrease in diameter of the airways through contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle

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6
Q

What are alveoli responsible for?

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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7
Q

What occurs at the alveolar capillary membrane ?

A

Exchange of gases via diffusion

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8
Q

How to assess the ability to oxygenate arterial blood?

A

Examination of PaO2 and SaO2.

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9
Q

What are the chest wall structure muscles that aid in respiration?

A

Ribs
Pleura
Respiratory muscles

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10
Q

What is the chest cavity lined with ?

A

Partial pleura

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11
Q

What are lungs lined with?

A

Visceral pleura

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12
Q

What allows the pleural layers to slide over during respiration?

A

Fluid like lubricant in the pleura

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13
Q

What is the mains respiratory muscle ?

A

Diaphram

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14
Q

What does ventilation involve ?

A

Inspiration and expiration

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15
Q

Due to what pressure does air move in and out of the lungs?

A

Intrathoracic pressure changes

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16
Q

What increases chest dimensions ?

A

Contraction of diaphragm, intercostal and scalene muscles

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17
Q

What allows the elasticity of lung tissue ?

A

Elastin fibres found in the alveolar walls and surrounding bronchiole and capillaries

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18
Q

How does the intrathoracic pressure rise ?

A

Recoil of the chest wall and lungs removing air from the lungs

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19
Q

What is compliance ?

A

Measure of the ease of explanation of the lungs

20
Q

How do we assess the efficiency of gas transfer in the lungs ?

A

Arterial blood gases (ABGs)
mixed venous blood gases
Oximetry

21
Q

What does the respiratory centre of the medulla oblongata respond to and how does the impulses travel to the respiratory muscles?

A

Chemical and mechanical signals; they travel through the spinal cord and the phrenic nerves

22
Q

What help to regulate ventilation?

A

Chemoreceptors (central and peripheral)

23
Q

What do mechanical receptors help to control ?

A

Respiration stimulated by physiological factors I.e. irritants, muscles stretching.

24
Q

What are the respiratory defence mechanisms ?

A

Air filtration
Mucociliary clearance
Reflex bronchoconstriction
Alveolar macrophages

25
Q

What are the changes to respiratory system with ageing ?

A

Decline in respiratory muscle strength
Decrease in number of functional alveoli and elasticity
Higher risk of respiratory tract infections.

26
Q

List 3 restrict pulmonary disorders

A

Pneumonia
Asbestosis
Pulmonary fibrosis

27
Q

List 3 obstructive pulmonary disorders

A

Asthma
COPD
Cystic fibrosis

28
Q

What is pleurisy and what is it caused by ?

A

Inflammation of the pleura, caused by chest infections, trauma to the chest and neoplasms

29
Q

How to diagnose pleurisy

A

Blood test
Chest xray
Needle biopsy of pleural fluid
Bronchoscopy

30
Q

Treatment of pleurisy

A

Analgesia and antibiotic
Although dependant on primary cause

31
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

Permanent and abnormal dilation of medium sized bronchi

32
Q

What is bronchiectasis caused by?

A

Inflammation - infection
Accumulation of thick mucous
Damage of bronchial structures

33
Q

Clinical manifestations of bronchiectasis

A

Persistent cough
Wheezing
Clubbing fingers
Dyspnoea

34
Q

How do we diagnose and treat bronchiectasis

A

Chest xray
CT chest (high resolutions)
Sputum sample
Pulmonary function tests

35
Q

Nursing management of bronchiectasis

A

Regular vitals and respiratory assessment
Promote drainage of mucus secretions
Medication administration

36
Q

What is asthma and what triggers it ?

A

Chronic inflammation of the airway, triggered by cross linking of allergen s with immunoglobulin on mast cells

37
Q

What are the classifications according to my to severity of asthma?

A

Intermittent
Mild persisten
Moderate persistent
Severe persistent

38
Q

Complications of asthma

A

Insomnia
Depression
Respiratory failure

39
Q

Mechanism of action of B-adrenoceptir agonists ?
Salbutamol (SABAs)
Salmeterol and formoterol (LABAs)

A

Activate the b2-adrenoceptors in bronchial smooth muscles causing relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

40
Q

Adverse reactions of B-adrenoceptor agonists
Salbutamol (SABAs)
salmeterol and formoterol (LABAs)

A

Reflex
Trachycardia
Headache
Palpitations

41
Q

Contraindications of B-adrenoceptor agonists
Salbutamol (SABAs)
Salmeterol and Formoterol (LABAs)

A

Antagonises the effects of b2 agonists which may precipitate asthma

42
Q

Mechanisms of action of corticosteroids
Inhaled: beclomethasone, bedesonide, fluticason
Oral: prednisolone, dexamethasone

A

Binds to specific glucocorticoid receptors, facilitating or inhibiting transcription.
Inhibits production of COX enzymes

43
Q

Adverse effects of corticosteroids

Inhaled: beclomethasone, bedesonide, fluticason
Oral: prednisolone, dexamethasone

A

Dysphonia
Oropharyngeal
Candidiasis
Weight gain

44
Q

Contraindications of corticosteroids

Inhaled: beclomethasone, bedesonide, fluticason
Oral: prednisolone, dexamethasone

A

Hypersensitivity

45
Q

Mechanism of action for anticholinergics

A

Inhibits the effect of cholinergic nerves, causing the muscles to relax and airways to dilate

46
Q

Mode of transmission for anticholinergics ?

A

MDI (metered dose inhaler) or nebuliser

47
Q

Adverse effects of anticholinergics

A

Dizziness
Dry mouth
GI upset
Nausea

NUR235 - Acute And Community nursing (2 decks)

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