Respiratory - Columbo

Question 1

Describe inhalation relative to the thoracic cavity

Answer 1

• inhalation occurs when the chest cavity expands and volume increases
• air is drawn in due to a negative pressure environment (Boyle’s Law)

Question 2

Describe exhalation relative to the thoracic cavity

Answer 2

• exhalation occurs when the chest cavity shrinks, causing a decrease in volume and a subsequent increase in pressure to match environmental pressure
• usually a passive process

Question 3

4 functions of nasal passages

Answer 3

1) warm and humidify air
2) remove pathogens/particulate matter
3) olfaction
4) drains paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

Question 4

function of mucosal surfaces in nasal passages

Answer 4

• lamina propria has capillary system that warms inspired air
• seromucus glands release water to humidify air, and mucus to trap particulates

Question 5

Name the 2 types of epithelium in the nasal passages

Answer 5

Respiratory epithelium and olfactory epithelium

Question 6

Where is respiratory epithelium found in the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 6

middle and inferior turbinates, and the rest of the conducting portion of the system

Question 7

Where is olfactory epithelium found in the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 7

superior turbinate and roof of nasal cavity

Question 8

What are 4 cells found in the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 8

olfactory neurons, supporting cells, basal cells (replace neurons every 2-3 months), and brush cells

Question 9

What are Bowman’s glands?

Answer 9

• they are olfactory glands found in the lamina propria of olfactory epithelium
• facilitate odor detection

Question 10

What type of epithelium is found on the lingual surface of the larynx?

Answer 10

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 11

What type of epithelium covers vestibular folds in the larynx?

Answer 11

respiratory epithelium

Question 12

What type of epithelium cover the vocal cords in the larynx?

Answer 12

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 13

Function of hyaline cartilage rings in trachea

Answer 13

keep airway from collapsing; structural support

Question 14

what is trachealis muscle?

Answer 14

• smooth muscle that joins the ends of the hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea
• located dorsally at the border of the esophagus

Question 15

What are the 3 layers of the trachea?

Answer 15

1) mucosa - respiratory epithelium
2) lamina propria - contains mixed seromucus glands
3) tunica adventitia

Question 16

3 cells types found in the mucosa of the trachea

Answer 16

1) mucous goblet cells - produce mucus
2) basal cells - progenitor cells
3) ciliated columnar cells - push trapped particulate matter up and out

Question 17

function of the trachealis muscle

Answer 17

• joins the two ends of the hyaline cartilage rings
• compresses trachea slightly to allow for swallowing and to allow air to be expelled with more force, as in the case of coughing

Question 18

How many times does the bronchial tree branch from the trachea?

Answer 18

23 times

Question 19

function of the branching of the bronchial tree?

Answer 19

increases surface area to facilitate gas exchange

Question 20

At what level of the bronchial tree is cartilage no longer a component?

Answer 20

the level of the bronchioles

Question 21

Descending down the bronchial tree, what happens to epithelium height and complexity?

Answer 21

decreases

Question 22

Descending down the bronchial tree, what happens to the trachealis muscle?

Answer 22

replaced with bundles of smooth muscle

Question 23

Descending down the bronchial tree, what happens to the amount of elastic fibers, smooth muscle, and bronchus associated lymphatic tissue?

Answer 23

increases

Question 24

Descending down the bronchial tree, what happens to goblet cells and glands?

Answer 24

decrease

Question 25

Explain the number of right vs left secondary bronchi and their relationship with the number of lobes in the right and left lungs

Answer 25

• right lung has 3 lobes, paired with 3 secondary bronchi

- left lung has 2 lobes, paired with 2 secondary bronchi

Question 26

3 layers of the bronchi

Answer 26

1) mucosa
2) lamina propria
3) adventitia

Question 27

What are 4 features of the bronchioles?

Answer 27

• ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium
• goblet cells
• no cartilage
• prominent smooth muscle

Question 28

Is sustained contraction in bronchioles good or bad?

Answer 28

Mucho bad; airways will close

Question 29

What are 4 features of terminal bronchioles?

Answer 29

• simple cuboidal ciliated cells
• club cells
• no cartilage
• some smooth muscle

Question 30

At what point does air conduction turn into gas exchange in the lower respiratory system?

Answer 30

• terminal bronchioles - end of conduction

- respiratory bronchioles - beginning of gas exchange

Question 31

function of club cells

Answer 31

• found in terminal bronchioles
• secrete surfactant and antimicrobial peptides
• progenitor cell population

Question 32

what 3 structures make up the respiratory zone?

Answer 32

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

Question 33

How many alveoli are in each lung, and what type of epithelium are they composed of?

Answer 33

• 300 million/lung

- simple squamous epithelium

Question 34

3 types of alveolar cells

Answer 34

1) type I pneumocyte
2) type II pneumocyte
3) dust cell

Question 35

function of type I pneumocyte

Answer 35

• physical membrane for gas exchange
• 95% of alveolar surface
• joined by tight junctions

Question 36

function of type II pneumocyte

Answer 36

• make surfactant

- progenitor cells for tissue renewal

Question 37

function of dust cells

Answer 37

-macrophage located in alveoli