Respiratory: Basics Flashcards
What is normal pH levels
7.35 - 7.45
what is acidosis pH levels
less than 7.35
What is alkalosis pH levels
more than 7.45
What is normal PaCO2 levels
35-45 mmHg
What is alkalosis PaCO2 levels
less than 35 mmHg
What is acidosis PaCO2 levels
more than 45 mmHg
What is normal HCO3 levels
22-26 mEq/L
Wat is acidosis HCO3 levels
less than 22 mEq/L
What is alkalosis HCO3 levels
more than 26 mEq/L
Does PaCO2 indicate respiratory or metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?
respiratory
Does HCO3 indicate respiratory or metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?
metabolic
What are ABGs most accurate for?
effectiveness of ventilation
What is respiratory acidosis?
pH less than 7.35 w/ PaCO2 greater than 45 mmHg
Accumulation of CO2 combined w/ water = carbonic acid = decreased pH
What is respiratory alkalosis?
pH greater than 7.45 and PaCO2 less than 35mmHg
What is metabolic acidosis?
HCO3 less than 22mEq/L w. pH less than 7.35
increase of noncarbonic acids (acids other than CO2) or loss of bicarbonate (bases)
What is metabolic alkalosis?
HCO3 greater than 26mEq/L with pH greater than 7.45
loss of metabolic acids, increases of bicarbonate (bases)
What type of acidosis/alkalosis result from: Hypoventilation or shallow breathing, Airway constriction, Damage to respiratory center in medulla
Respiratory acidosis
What type of acidosis/alkalosis result from: Hyperventilation due to pulmonary disease (asthma), anxiety, or high altitude, fever, anemia
Respiratory alkalosis
What type of acidosis/alkalosis result from: Severe diarrhea, Kidney/renal failure, Diabetes, Excess alcohol ingestion, Starvation (ketoacidosis), lactic acidosis (shock, hypoxemia)
metabolic acidosis
What type of acidosis/alkalosis result from: Constipation for prolonged periods, Ingestion of excess sodium bicarbonate, Diuretics that cause potassium depletion, Severe vomiting
metabolic alkalosis
Can increasing ventilation correct respiratory acidosis?
Yes
Is PCO2 decreased or increased in hyperventilation?
decreased
Increased acidity increases rate and depth of breathing which gets rid of CO2 (decrease acidity)
is PCO2 decreased or increased in hypoventilation?
increased
decreased rate and depth of respiration as it allows for temporary accumulation of of carbonic acid (=increase acidicity)
What is a low ventilation-perfusion ratio?
Perfusion exceeds ventilation = shunt exists
Blood bypasses alveoli without gas exchange occuring
When would you see low VQ ratio?
obstruction of airways (pneumonia, atelectasis, tumor, mucus plug)
What is a high ventilation-perfusion ratio?
Ventilation exceeds perfusion = dead space
Alveoli does not have adequate blood supply for gas exchange to occur
When would you see high V/Q?
pulmonary emboli, pulmonary infarction, cardiogenic shock
When would you see and absence of ventilation and perfusion?
pneumothorax and ARDS
Define restrictive lung disease
decreased compliance of lung tissue = more effort to expand lungs during inspiration
What conditions are included in restrictive lung disease? (7)
Aspiration, Atelectasis, Pneumonia, Pleural Effusion, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary Edema, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Define obstructive lung disease
airway obstruction that is worse with expiration
What conditions are included in obstructive lung diseases?
Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Emphysema
