Respiratory antatomy

Question 1

What are the 4 main functions of the nose and nasal cavity?

Answer 1

Warming
Humidifying
Filtering
Defence

Question 2

What are the 3 parts of the nasal conchae?

Answer 2

Superior
Middle
Inferior
Below each conchae is the respectively named meatus.

Question 3

What is the name of the area above the superior meatus called and what is its purpose?

Answer 3

The space is called the sphenoethmoidal recess.

It receives the opening of the sphenoid sinus

Question 4

How many paranasal sinuses are there and what are they called?

Answer 4

4 - frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid

Question 5

What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 5

To warm and humidify

To reduce the weight of the skull

Question 6

What shape is the frontal sinus?

Answer 6

Triangular

Question 7

What shape is the maxillary sinus?

Answer 7

Pyramidal

Question 8

What shape is the ethmoid sinus?

Answer 8

Labyrinthine

Question 9

What shape is the sphenoid sinus?

Answer 9

It is varied shape

Question 10

What nerve is the frontal sinus supplied by?

Answer 10

Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

Question 11

What nerve is the maxillary sinus supplied by?

Answer 11

Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

Question 12

What nerve is the ethmoid sinus supplied by?

Answer 12

Ophthalmic and maxillary branches of trigeminal nerve

Question 13

What nerve is the sphenoid sinus supplied by?

Answer 13

Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

Question 14

What are the 3 sections of the pharynx

Answer 14

nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 15

What is the Eustachian tube and where is it found?

Answer 15

, a passage to the middle ear which balances air pressure between the middle ear and the external environment.
It opens in the nasopharynx

Question 16

What is the role of the circular muscles of the pharynx and what nerve are they innervated by?

Answer 16

Contract sequentially to move the food bolus down the pharynx
All are innervated by the vagus nerve

Question 17

What is the purpose of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 17

To contract (and relax) so causing the pharynx to shorten and widen

Question 18

What type of muscle is the Stylopharyngeus and what nerve is it innervated by

Answer 18

It is an inner longitudinal muscle and is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 19

How many inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx are there and what are they innervated by

Answer 19

3 -
Stylopharyngeus = glossopharyngeal nerve
Salpingopharyngeus and Palatopharyngeus = vagus nerve

Question 20

How many cartilages is the larynx comprised of?

Answer 20

9

Question 21

What does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply

Answer 21

Sensory innervation to the larynx

Question 22

What does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply

Answer 22

Cricothyroid muscle

Question 23

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply

Answer 23

All intrinsic muscles of the neck EXCEPT cricothyroid

Question 24

What is the path taken by the right superior laryngeal nerve?

Answer 24

It branches from the vagus nerve then loops under the right subclavian artery and ascends between trachea and oesophagus

Question 25

What is the path taken by the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

Answer 25

branches off the vagus, then loops under the aortic arch and ascends between trachea and oesophagus

Question 26

What are the false vocal chords lined by? (cell type)

Answer 26

Respiratory epithelium

Question 27

What are the true vocal chords lined by? (cell type)

Answer 27

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 28

What is the function of the arytenoid cartilages?

Answer 28

To hold the true vocal chords in position

Question 29

What is the carotid sheath and what does it contain?

Answer 29

``` Tube of fibrous connective tissue running from base of skull to the level of the sternum 3 vital structures: Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve ```

Question 30

At what (spinal) level does the trachea originate?

Answer 30

C6

Question 31

Name 2 key features of the trachea

Answer 31

Lined by respiratory epithelium | Has C shaped rings of cartilage ( posterior side is smooth muscle - trachealis)

Question 32

At what level does the trachea bifurcate into the (main) bronchi

Answer 32

T4 (level of the sternal angle)

Question 33

From trachea to alveoli name (in order) the key features.

Answer 33

Trachea --> main bronchi --> lobar bronchi --> segmental bronchi --> terminal bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts ---> alveoli sacs.

Question 34

Which 5 structures make up the conducting airways

Answer 34

``` Trachea main bronchi lobar bronchi segmental bronchi terminal bronchioles ```

Question 35

Which 3 structures make up the respiratory airways?

Answer 35

Respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs

Question 36

What type of cell make up 90% of the lung surface area but only 40% of the cells

Answer 36

Type 1 pneumocytes

Question 37

What type of cell make up 60% of the cells in the lung but only 5 - 10% of the surface area?

Answer 37

Type 2 pneumocytes

Question 38

What is the structure/appearance of a type 1 pneumocyte?

Answer 38

Thin squamous epithelial cells with thin cytoplasm, flattened nuclei and very few organelles

Question 39

What is the structure/appearance of a type 2 pneumocyte?

Answer 39

Rounded nucleus with lots of cytoplasm and organelles

Question 40

What is the function of a type 1 pneumocyte?

Answer 40

To act as a blood gas barrier

Question 41

What is the function of a type 2 pneumocyte?

Answer 41

To produce surfactant

Question 42

Where are alveolar macrophages found?

Answer 42

in lumen of alveoli and alveolar ducts, and interstitium

Question 43

What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

Answer 43

To phagocytose particulates

Question 44

What are the Pores of Kohn and what is there purpose?

Answer 44

Pores between adjacent alveoli which allows air to fill alveoli more evenly.

Question 45

How many lobes does the right lung have and what is/are the name of the fissure(s) between the lobes?

Answer 45

3 lobes | fissures = horizontal fissure and oblique fissure

Question 46

How many lobes does the left lung have and what is/are the name of the fissure(s) between the lobes?

Answer 46

2 lobes | fissure = oblique fissure only

Question 47

What is the function of the diaphragm?

Answer 47

to alter the volume of thoracic cavity

Question 48

What nerves supplies the diaphragm

Answer 48

phrenic nerve (from C3, 4 and 5)

Question 49

What happens to the diaphragm for inhalation to occur?

Answer 49

contracts and flattens (moves down)

Question 50

What happens to the diaphragm for exhalation to occur?

Answer 50

relaxes (and moves up)

Question 51

At the level of what anatomical landmark is the horizontal fissure expected to be found at on a healthy individual?

Answer 51

The fourth rib