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Peer Review Society > Respiratory antatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory antatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the nose and nasal cavity?

A

Warming
Humidifying
Filtering
Defence

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the nasal conchae?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior
Below each conchae is the respectively named meatus.

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3
Q

What is the name of the area above the superior meatus called and what is its purpose?

A

The space is called the sphenoethmoidal recess.

It receives the opening of the sphenoid sinus

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4
Q

How many paranasal sinuses are there and what are they called?

A

4 - frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?

A

To warm and humidify

To reduce the weight of the skull

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6
Q

What shape is the frontal sinus?

A

Triangular

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7
Q

What shape is the maxillary sinus?

A

Pyramidal

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8
Q

What shape is the ethmoid sinus?

A

Labyrinthine

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9
Q

What shape is the sphenoid sinus?

A

It is varied shape

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10
Q

What nerve is the frontal sinus supplied by?

A

Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

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11
Q

What nerve is the maxillary sinus supplied by?

A

Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

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12
Q

What nerve is the ethmoid sinus supplied by?

A

Ophthalmic and maxillary branches of trigeminal nerve

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13
Q

What nerve is the sphenoid sinus supplied by?

A

Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

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14
Q

What are the 3 sections of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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15
Q

What is the Eustachian tube and where is it found?

A

, a passage to the middle ear which balances air pressure between the middle ear and the external environment.
It opens in the nasopharynx

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16
Q

What is the role of the circular muscles of the pharynx and what nerve are they innervated by?

A

Contract sequentially to move the food bolus down the pharynx
All are innervated by the vagus nerve

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

To contract (and relax) so causing the pharynx to shorten and widen

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18
Q

What type of muscle is the Stylopharyngeus and what nerve is it innervated by

A

It is an inner longitudinal muscle and is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

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19
Q

How many inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx are there and what are they innervated by

A

3 -
Stylopharyngeus = glossopharyngeal nerve
Salpingopharyngeus and Palatopharyngeus = vagus nerve

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20
Q

How many cartilages is the larynx comprised of?

A

9

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21
Q

What does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply

A

Sensory innervation to the larynx

22
Q

What does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply

A

Cricothyroid muscle

23
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply

A

All intrinsic muscles of the neck EXCEPT cricothyroid

24
Q

What is the path taken by the right superior laryngeal nerve?

A

It branches from the vagus nerve then loops under the right subclavian artery and ascends between trachea and oesophagus

25
Q

What is the path taken by the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

branches off the vagus, then loops under the aortic arch and ascends between trachea and oesophagus

26
Q

What are the false vocal chords lined by? (cell type)

A

Respiratory epithelium

27
Q

What are the true vocal chords lined by? (cell type)

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

28
Q

What is the function of the arytenoid cartilages?

A

To hold the true vocal chords in position

29
Q

What is the carotid sheath and what does it contain?

A 
Tube of fibrous connective tissue running from base of skull to the level of the sternum
3 vital structures:
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein 
Vagus nerve
30
Q

At what (spinal) level does the trachea originate?

A

C6

31
Q

Name 2 key features of the trachea

A

Lined by respiratory epithelium

Has C shaped rings of cartilage ( posterior side is smooth muscle - trachealis)

32
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate into the (main) bronchi

A

T4 (level of the sternal angle)

33
Q

From trachea to alveoli name (in order) the key features.

A

Trachea –> main bronchi –> lobar bronchi –> segmental bronchi –> terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts —> alveoli sacs.

34
Q

Which 5 structures make up the conducting airways

A 
Trachea
main bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
terminal bronchioles
35
Q

Which 3 structures make up the respiratory airways?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

36
Q

What type of cell make up 90% of the lung surface area but only 40% of the cells

A

Type 1 pneumocytes

37
Q

What type of cell make up 60% of the cells in the lung but only 5 - 10% of the surface area?

A

Type 2 pneumocytes

38
Q

What is the structure/appearance of a type 1 pneumocyte?

A

Thin squamous epithelial cells with thin cytoplasm, flattened nuclei and very few organelles

39
Q

What is the structure/appearance of a type 2 pneumocyte?

A

Rounded nucleus with lots of cytoplasm and organelles

40
Q

What is the function of a type 1 pneumocyte?

A

To act as a blood gas barrier

41
Q

What is the function of a type 2 pneumocyte?

A

To produce surfactant

42
Q

Where are alveolar macrophages found?

A

in lumen of alveoli and alveolar ducts, and interstitium

43
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

A

To phagocytose particulates

44
Q

What are the Pores of Kohn and what is there purpose?

A

Pores between adjacent alveoli which allows air to fill alveoli more evenly.

45
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and what is/are the name of the fissure(s) between the lobes?

A

3 lobes

fissures = horizontal fissure and oblique fissure

46
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have and what is/are the name of the fissure(s) between the lobes?

A

2 lobes

fissure = oblique fissure only

47
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A

to alter the volume of thoracic cavity

48
Q

What nerves supplies the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve (from C3, 4 and 5)

49
Q

What happens to the diaphragm for inhalation to occur?

A

contracts and flattens (moves down)

50
Q

What happens to the diaphragm for exhalation to occur?

A

relaxes (and moves up)

51
Q

At the level of what anatomical landmark is the horizontal fissure expected to be found at on a healthy individual?

A

The fourth rib

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