Respiratory and Lymphatic Lecture Flashcards
Describe the process of B cell development.
created in the red bone marrow and gain immunocompetent and self tolerance there.
What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
Provide O2 for cellular respiration
Remove CO2
maintain acid-base balance
How are volume, pressure, and airflow involved in in quiet inspiration?
Increase thoracic volume and lung volume
Decrease interpulmonary pressure
Increase airflow into lungs
Do B cells respond to intracellular or extracellular antigens?
extracellular antigens
Outline lymph’s flow through lymphatic structures.
capillaries-> vessels-> lymph nodes-> vessels-> trunk-> duct-> vein-> heart
What is the role of hemoglobin (Hb) in oxygen transport?
Carries 4 molecules of oxygen
Discuss the function of lymphocytes and phagocytic cells.
Lymphocytes- B, T (adaptive) and natural killer cells (innate). Neutralize pathogens
Phagocytes- macrophages and dendritic cells (innate), phagocytize pathogens
What is a partial pressure?
The pressure of a gas in a mixture which is related to the proportion of the gas in the mixture
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
On heme groups (iron) on hemoglobin in red blood cells
How is CO2 exchanged at the lungs and at the tissues?
Via a partial pressure gradient and a chemical reaction
CO2+H2O->H2CO3->H+ + HCO3-
carbonic anhydrase is enzyme that catalyzes CO2+H2o -> H2CO3 and back
What causes quiet expiration to occur?
Signal from VRG stops, diaphragm and external intercostals relax
Describe the different classes of antibodies and where they are found.
IgM: plasma
IgA: secreations
IgD: B cell surface receptor
IgG: plasma
IgE: receptors on mast cells
Describe voice production and how the pitch of sound is altered.
caused by vibration of the true vocal cords.
pitch determined by the length and tension of vocal cords.
slow vibes= low pitch
fast vibes=high pitch
sound is shaped in the pharyx and skull
What is the difference between active and passive humoral immunity?
Active requires an immune response to create immunity, passive does not because they are given.
How is ventilation controlled using the medullary (VRG and DRG) and pontine respiratory centers?
VRG directly signals to the respiratory muscles based on central chemoreceptors and feedback from DRG.
DRG gathers feedback from peripheral chemoreceptors and thoracic receptors
pontine smooths out breathing and monitors breathing during speech and sleep
Discuss the activation and clonal expansion processes for T helper and T cytotoxic cells.
T Helper:
1. APC phagocytizes antigen
2. APC displays processed antigen on MHC 2 receptor
3. TH recognizes antigen and binds to antigen on MHC 2 receptor (CD4 helps bind)
4. TH induces APC to costimulate it to allow it to divide. Th stimulates APC, APC creates protein to stimulate TH
5. clonal expansion of TH to create effector TH and memory TH cells.
6. Effector TH cells release cytokines which costimulate Tc cells and B cells to replicate and stimulate inflammation and macrophages.
Cytotoxic T cells:
1. TH induces APC to present the same antigen on MHC 1 as MHC 2.
2. Cytotoxic T cells recognize self MHC 1 and foreign antigen and TC binds with antigen (CD8 binds)
3. Cytokines released by effector TH costimulate TC
4. Clonal expansion, mostly effector TC cells and some TC memory cells.
5. Effector cells circulate in blood and lymph looking for specific antigen on all nucleated cells. Kill with perforin and granzymes.
Describe the functions and locations of the major lymphatic vessels, trunks, and ducts.
Cervical, inguinal, and illiac vesels.
Lumbar (2), bronchiomediastinal (2), subclavian (2), jugular (2), and intestinal truncks. CIsterna Chyli for lumbar and intestinal.
Right lymphatic duct- R subclavian, R broncho, R jugular, and drains into R subclavian vein.
Thoracic duct- cisterna chyli, L jugular, L subclavian, and L broncho, drains into L subclavian vein.
How do the roles of effector helper T cells (TH) and effector cytotoxic T cells (TC) differ?
TH dictate the beginning of the immune response and tell TC and B cells what to do and to replicate
TC circulate in the body looking for antigen to kill via perforin and granzymes
What are the 3 main functions of the larynx?
provide patent airway, direct food/air into proper tubes, voice and speech production
Describe the actions antibodies take against antigens.
Neutralization: neutralizes antigen and attracts phagocytes
Agglutination: creates clump of antigens which attract phagocytes
precipitation: makes soluble antigens fall out of suspension and become visible to phagocytes
complement fixation: complement cascade, consistent with its role in promoting chemotaxis, opsonization, and cell lysis.
Opsonization: cover antigen to attract phagocytes
activate natural killer cells
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
collect tissue fluid, filter pathogens, return fluid volume to blood
Describe the four physiological processes of the respiratory system: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, and internal respiration.
pulmonary ventilation-breating
external respiration- gas exchange between outside air and body at lungs
gas transport- blood transport
internal respiration- gas exchange at tissue
Describe the functions of the major organs of the respiratory system (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs).
Nasal cavity/sinus- warm/cleanse/humidify air, increase surface area, and change the resonance of the voice. Smelling receptors
pharynx- warm/cleanse/humidify air
larynx- provide patent airway, direct food/air into proper tubes, voice and speech production
trachea/bronchi-direct air, have irritant receptors
bronchioles- direct air and control amount of air coming into respiratory zone
alveoli- gas exchange
lungs- bring in air to body and create pressure gradients
Describe the difference between hyperpnea, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Are arterial blood gases altered in case? If so, how?
hyperpnea- increase in rate and depth to maintain O2 and CO2 levels (exercise)
hyperventilation- decrease CO2 and increase O2, increase rate and depth
hypoventilation- increase CO2 and decrease O2, decrease rate and depth
What cells are phagocytes?
Monocyte= precursor cell
Macrophage-innate and adaptive responses
Dendritic cell- deliver antigen to local lymph nodes
neutrophils- migrates from blood to infected tissue, first on scene, phagocytize but die
What is Boyle’s law?
P1V1=P2V2 pressure and volume are inversely related
Discuss the structure, function, and locations of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphoid nodules (tonsils, MALT).
thymus- near heart, train T cells
lymph nodes- throughout body, capsule with cortical lymph follicles and medullar cords and vessels entering and exiting. Filter lymph and holds lymphocytes and phagocytes. Site of activation for T and B cells
Spleen- left upper quadrant, contains red and white pulp, filters blood for pathogens, breaks down old RBC and store iron and platelets and monocytes
Lymphoid nodules- clusters of lymphocytes on reticular tissue in the respiratory and digestive tract. Tonsils
MALT- mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, in mucus membranes, peyer’s patches in small intestine. Appendix
What is the difference between a primary and a secondary immune response?
Primary: makes lots of plasma cells, mem B cells, and antibodies.
Secondary: antigen binds to memory B cells and antibodies are made quicker and bind to antigen harder. plasma cells last longer
Describe the mechanism used by effector TC during cell lysis
release perforin and granzymes on antigen. Perforin pokes holes in the cell membrane and the granzymes enter and cause apoptosis
Discuss the general functions of lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells in the adaptive immune response.
APC’s bring pieces of digested antigen to T cells for identification by displaying them on MHC receptors. If identified, the cells will proliferate to fight the antigen.
Discuss the structure and function of pleurae
parietal and visceral pleura
pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid
reduce friction and part of inhalation
What is the Haldane effect?
Describes the relationship between PO2 and the affinity of hemoglobin for CO2.
The more O2 on hemoglobin, the less CO2 will bind and inversely.
What are the different sources of blood circulating to the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation for gas exchange (pulmonary)
systemic circulation for gas/nutrients to tissues (bronchial)
What influences Hb saturation?
blood pH- low pH makes O2 unload more
temp- increase temp causes more unloading , vice versa
PCO2- increased PCO2, easier to unload