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A &P respiratory and digestive exam > Respiratory and Digestive > Flashcards

Respiratory and Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

eWho is Alexander Graham Bell?

A

invented respiratory jacket that assists patients’ breath

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1
Q

Who is Phillip Drinker?

A

developed the iron lung to help patients who lost their neuromuscular control of breathing. This invention helped during polio

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2
Q

Who is John Salk?

A

developed the polio vaccine

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3
Q

What is poliomyelitus?

A

muscle paralysis in the legs, head, neck, and diaphragm

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4
Q

Why is the human nose canopy shaped?

A

We are bipedal in our gait, whereas a dog can turn its nose downward

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5
Q

What is the role of the nasal conchae?

A

It increases the surface area so we have the greater ability to warm, moisturize the incoming air

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6
Q

What causes the nasal conchae to darken overtime?

A

it can darken due to long term smoking or long term exposure to pollution

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7
Q

What produces vocalization?

A

the larynx

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8
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

sits at the top region of the larynx

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9
Q

What are the 4 cartilages that comprise the larynx?

A

-thryoid cartilage
-cricoid cartilage
-tracheal cartilage
-arytenoid cartilage

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10
Q

What does hemoglobin have the highest affinity for?

A

CO

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11
Q

What is the pathway of airflow through the respiratory system?

A

external nares (nostrils) -> nasal cavity-> nasal conchae-> pharynx->larynx-> trachea-> primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi-> bronchioles -> alveoli

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12
Q

What is the structural design of the trachea and what is its importance for moving air flow?

A

The trachea is made out of fibroelastic cartilage to allow it to bend, and the rings of cartilage which provide structure and support.

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13
Q

What does the trachealis muscle do?

A

the muscle can bend inwards to make room for the esophagus during coughing, breathing, etc. It is the length of the entire trachea.

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14
Q

what is the carina?

A

the ridge of cartilage in the trachea that occurs between the division of the two main bronchi

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15
Q

What does cilia do?

A

moves mucous, warms and moisturizes air, traps dirt, dust, and debris. The cilia push mucous out of the respiratory system (janitors of respiratory system).

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16
Q

What is the tidal volume (TV)?

A

500 mL of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing

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17
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

3,000 mL amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with max effort

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18
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

1,200 mL amount of air that can be exhaled with max effort

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19
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

1,300 mL amount of air remaining in the lungs after max exhale (the amount of air that can never be voluntarily exhaled).

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20
Q

What is the structural design of the esophagus?

A

Consists of 2 muscle layers: circular (interior) and longitudinal (exterior)

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21
Q

What is surfactant and what is its role in the respiratory system?

A

surface-active lipoprotein complex formed by type II alveolar cells. Surfactant reduces the friction and it lines the alveoli. Think of powder on a balloon.

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22
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx- connects the nose to the respiratory system
oropharynx- in the middle of your throat. It contains your tonsils at the base of your tongue and connects to your oral cavity
Laryngopharynx- bottom segment near the voice box that regulates the flow of air into the lungs and food and drink into the esophagus

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23
Q

What is emphysema?

A

it can lead to a rupture and reform which makes it more difficult for gas exchange to occur

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24
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Infects the lower respiratory tract. alveoli becomes edemic/inflammed which leads to poor gas exchange (accumulation of fluids)

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25
Q

what is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems.

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26
Q

How can COPD be mechanically induced?

A

particulates can cause rupture of the alveoli

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27
Q

How can COPD be chemically induced?

A

air/smoke can decrease the elasticity of the elastic fibers so the caps won’t be close together

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28
Q

What is alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?

A

A genetic disorder that may result in lung disease or liver disease. Onset of lung issues 20-50 years -> shortness of breath, wheezing, increased risk of lung infection

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29
Q

What is acute rhinitis?

A

The common cold. Many viruses cause this. Infects the upper respiratory tract. Cold symptoms

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30
Q

What is adult respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Acute lung inflammation and alveolar injury stemming from trauma, infection, burns, aspiration of vomit, inhalation of noxious gases, drug overdoses.

This can lead to severe pulmonary edema and hemorrhaging followed by fibrosis that destroys lung tissue.

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31
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

cessation of breathing for 10 seconds or longer. Accompanied by restlessness or snoring. Can result from altered function of CNS respiratory membrane interferes with gas exchange.

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32
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

it is a pulmonary infection with bacterium which invades the lung by the way or air, blood, or lymph. Fibrous nodules called tubercles around the bacteria.
It causes hemorrhaging as it invades blood vessels.

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33
Q

What is the relationship between oxygen and elevation?

A

In higher elevations, there is less oxygen available. More erythropoietin is secreted which leads to more RBC production to compensate.

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34
Q

When does hemoglobin become saturated with oxygen?

A

A hemoglobin molecule becomes 100% saturated with oxygen (1.34 L of oxygen) at a PO2 of 100 mmHg.

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35
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the process of mechanically and enzymatically breaking down food into substances for absorption into the bloodstream.

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36
Q

What is the structural design of the stomach?

A

The stomach has the circular, longitudinal, and oblique muscles.

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37
Q

What is the structural design of the large intestine?

A

contains 2 muscular layers: circular and longitudinal layers that occur in DISTINCT BANDS (haustra)

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38
Q

What is the structural design of the rectum?

A

contains 2 muscular layers: circular and longitudinal layers that occur in DISTINCT BANDS (haustra)

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39
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breaking down of larger molecules into smaller molecules.

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40
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Using small molecules to make larger molecules

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41
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

methods that involve physical actions of the system that aid in digestion

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42
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

the biochemical factors that aid in the breakdown of food in digestion

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43
Q

How many deciduous teeth do we have?

A

20

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44
Q

How many permanent teeth?

A

32

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45
Q

What are incisors?

A

They are used for cutting and slicing

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46
Q

What are canines?

A

deep-rooted teeth that are designed for puncturing and gripping (vampire fangs)

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47
Q

What are bicupsids or premolars?

A

intermediates (found in adult human teeth only) does slicing, grinding, and has a larger surface area.

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48
Q

What are molars?

A

They are wide, expansive, top surface that are designed for chewing and grinding of food.

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49
Q

What type of teeth are more prevalent in carnivores?

A

canines are more prevalent and incisors aren’t as large

50
Q

What type of teeth are more prevalent in herbivores?

A

more incisors and premolars for grinding of plants

51
Q

What is enamel and its role?

A

a very hard, off white, highly mineralized substance that acts as a barrier to protect the tooth, but can be susceptible to degradation, especially by acids from food and drink

52
Q

What is the fibrous joint?

A

gomphosis joint between root of tooth and socket of the jawline

53
Q

What is dentin?

A

a calcified tissue that is usually covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root and surrounds the entire pulp.m

54
Q

What is cementum?

A

calcified tissue that attaches the teeth to the cone shaped root space in the jawline

55
Q

What is the pulp cavity?

A

part of the center of the tooth made up of living connective tissue and odontoblasts. This is the site for most pain related sensations

56
Q

What is peridontal ligament?

A

connective tissue fibers that attach the tooth to the cone-shaped root space in the jawline.

57
Q

What is the gingiva?

A

mucousal tissue aka the gums

58
Q

What are the three parts of the tooth?

A

root, neck, and crown

59
Q

What do braces and invisaline do?

A

reposition teeth in the jawline by applying force on the crown of the tooth.

60
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A

mineralize bone cells (build)

61
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

bone cells

62
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

demineralize bone cells (chip)

63
Q

high pressure zone accumulates _________

A

osteoclasts

64
Q

low pressure zone accumulates _______

A

osteoblasts

65
Q

What is the oral phase in the swallowing reflex?

A

focuses on the motion of the tongue

66
Q

What is the pharyngeal phase of the swallowing reflex?

A

pharyngeal constrictor muscles push food into the esophagus

67
Q

What is the esophageal phase of the swallowing reflex?

A

starts peristaltic movement of the circular and longitudinal muscles of the tubular shaped esophagus

68
Q

What are the salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

69
Q

What is the parotid gland?

A

-largest salivary gland
-secretes serous saliva to facilitate mastication and swallowing
-contains amylase

70
Q

What is the submandibular gland?

A

-produces and mixture of both serous fluid and mucous
-produces ~70% of total volume of saliva in the oral cavity

71
Q

What is the sublingual gland?

A

produces virtually all mucous

72
Q

What does saliva do?

A

moistens and binds food particles together

73
Q

What does serous do?

A

reduces friction of bolus

74
Q

What does mucous fluid do?

A

“sticky” binds food closer together

75
Q

What is Von Ebner’s gland and where is it found?

A

-found in a trough circling the circumvallate papillae
-secretes a serous fluid
-contains lingual lipase to initiate lipid hydrolysis

76
Q

What is bolus?

A

food swallowed

77
Q

What is chyme and when does it turn into chyme?

A

bolus + gastric juice
this change takes place in the stomach

78
Q

What is the gastroesophageal sphincter?

A

gate between the stomach and esophagus

79
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

gate between the stomach and the duodenum

80
Q

What is the heptopancreatic sphincter?

A

regulates the release of bile and pancreatic juice

81
Q

What is rugae?

A

ripples and folds in the stomach to allow for an increase in surface area. This makes churning easier to occur and more gastric juice will reside on the layer

82
Q

What does sodium bicarbonate do and where is it excreted from?

A

secreted by the pancreas and it neutralizes HCL

83
Q

What does chymotrypsin do and where is it secreted from?

A

secreted by the pancreas and it digests proteins

84
Q

What does pancreatic amylase do?

A

digests starch

85
Q

What does pancreatic lipase do?

A

digests fats

86
Q

What are lacteals?

A

lymphatic cells of the SI that absorb digested fats

87
Q

What are absorptive cells?

A

They draw nutrients release from the digestion of foods

88
Q

What are goblet cells and where do they reside?

A

They reside in the SI and LI and produce and maintain mucous blanket by synthesizing and secreting high amounts of mucous

89
Q

What are the three parts of the SI starting the from the top?

A

`duodenum, jejunum, and the illeum

90
Q

What does the jejunum absorb?

A

carbs and proteins

91
Q

What does the illeum?

A

lipids and oils

92
Q

What is the pathway of the large intestine?

A

illiocecal valve-> cecum-> ascending colon -> transverse colon-> descending colon-> sigmoid colon

93
Q

What does the large intestine?

A

water and vitamins/minerals

94
Q

What are the right and left colic flexures?

A

sharp bends in the colon, which makes it more likely to develop colon cancer.

95
Q

What can contribute to colon cancer?

A

pesticides and herbicides can be carcinogenic -> eating a high fiber diet

96
Q

What do mucous neck cells secrete and what is its function?

A

mucous and it protects mucosa from HCL and enzymes

97
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

98
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen and gastric lipase (and chymosin in cattle)

99
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete?

A

gastrin/serotonin

100
Q

What does HCL do?

A

activates pepsin and lingual lipase

101
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

enables small intestine to absorb vitamin B12

102
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

digests proteins

103
Q

What does gastric lipase do?

A

digests fats

104
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

stimulates gastric glands to secrete HCL and enzymes; stimulates intestinal motility; relaxes illiocecal valve

105
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

stimulates gastric motility

106
Q

What is the common cause of the peptic ulcer and where is it commonly formed?

A

the bacteria Helicobacter Pylori and most form in the pyloric sphincter

107
Q

What role does bile play and where is it released and stored?

A

-bile emulsifies fat
-produced slowly by the liver
-gall bladder stores excess bile
-is released in the duodenum through the bile duct

108
Q

Why do people who have had gall bladder surgery struggle to eat high fat foods?

A

Since there is no place to store bile long term, the chyme has to sit in their stomach for an extended period of time so the liver can produce enough bile to emulsify the high fat foods. This can lead to pain and discomfort.

109
Q

What does the lingual frenulum do?

A

it anchors the tongue

110
Q

How does Trisomy-21 impact the lingual frenulum?

A

having trisomy-21 usually results in an enlarged lingual frenulum

111
Q

What is the role of the uvula?

A

The soft tissue at the back of the throat that serves as a “gate” to close off the nasopharynx region when we swallow food

112
Q

What does the tongue and buccinator muscle do during ingestion?

A

positions the food

113
Q

What is the labial frenulum?

A

tissue attachments that help anchor lips

114
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

abornormally short lingual frenulum which can make it hard for breastfeeding infants

115
Q

What are gallstones?

A

bile that has been crystalized

116
Q

Who was Lafayette B Mendel?

A

Biochemist who discovered…
-vitamin A and B
-proteins
-developed our modern concept of nutrition

117
Q

What is xerophthalmia?

A

lack of vitamin A which can lead to
-underproduction of tears in the eyes
-poor ability to see in low light settings

118
Q

What category does myplate exclude?

A

fat

119
Q

Is healthy eating plate more accurate?

A

yes

120
Q

What did my pyramid (1970s to 2010) emphasize?

A

fats

121
Q

What is peristalsis and where does this take place?

A

occurs when smooth muscle layers contract in sequence to produce a wave which propels bolus forward. This occurs in the esophagus, stomach, SI, and LI

122
Q

What is segmentation and how is it different from peristalsis?

A

Repetitive contractions of circular muscles in digestive tract. Unlike peristalsis, segmentation can slow progression of chyme through the system-> allows for the mixing and blending different boli of food

123
Q

Why is it important for segmentation to slow chyme?

A

it allows for the digestive system to absorb nutrient because food is evenly blended, so chemicals will successfully break down food and it improves the efficiency of digestion.

A &P respiratory and digestive exam (1 decks)

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