respiratory and cardiovascular disease

Question 1

what is asthma?

Answer 1

common lung condition that causes intermittent breathing difficulties of varying severity

Question 2

how do we call the asthma if it is dev later in life?

Answer 2

“late-onset” asthma

Question 3

what contains the inhaler that treats asthma?

Answer 3

bronchodilator and an inflammatory glucocorticosteroid

Question 4

what are the anthologies of asthma?

Answer 4

intrapulmonary bronchus is mostly block by mucus plug
the airway lumen is completely blocked by the plug
mucus producing goblet cells increase (=hyperplasia)
the basement membrane is thicker
increase in mass of airway smooth muscle
increase in size of mucus producing submucosal glands
increase in number of blood vessels

Question 5

are the current treatment for asthma effective?

Answer 5

relatively, severe asthma is not well-controlled on current therapy

Question 6

what is the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer 6

medical condition that affects the lungs that affects breathing out quickly and is caused by inhaling noxious materials

Question 7

what are the 3 processes that go on in COPD?

Answer 7

chronic bronchitis
emphysema
damage to blood vessels in lungs

Question 8

what are the pathologies of COPD?

Answer 8

main bronchus’ lumen is partially occluded by a large mucus plug
smaller airways are almost completely blocked
increase fibrosis closing down bronchioles
marked reduction in alveolar attachments
dark coloured lung with ragged edges
dark interior of lung and numerous holes in the parenchyma

Question 9

are the current treatment for COPD effective?

Answer 9

no

Question 10

what are the current treatment for COPD?

Answer 10

use of bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroids EVENTHOUGH ineffective

Question 11

what are the different causes of cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 11

inflammation
apoptosis and necrosis
oxidative stress
mechanical injury

Question 12

what is atherosclerosis? where can it occur? what is it caused by?

Answer 12

disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries which narrows the channels
it can occur in any area of the body BUT most serious when it happens in the heart or blood vessels leading to the brain
caused by excessive inflammatory-fibroproliferative response to numerous different forms of vascular insult

Question 13

what is the principle cause of myocardial infarction, stroke and gangrene of the extremities?

Answer 13

atherosclerosis

Question 14

what is atherosclerosis initiated by?

Answer 14

it is initiated by endothelial damage/activation

Question 15

what is pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 15

disease characterised by high blood pressure in pulmonary arteries

Question 16

who is most targeted by pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 16

females

Question 17

what are the symptoms of pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 17

chest pain
weakness
shortness of breath
fatigue
swelling in the ankles, abdomen or legs
bluish lip and skin

Question 18

what is the most serious form of pulmonary hypertension? what is it called?

Answer 18

when the normally thin walled peripheral pulmonary arterioles undergo a process called remodelling during which the smooth muscle layer grows uncontrollably inwards narrowing the lumen of the vessel and increases the tone of the vessel wall
It is called the pulmonary arterial hypertension

Question 19

what are the five different groups of pulmonary hypertension and how do they vary?

Answer 19

group 1 PH –> pulmonary arterial hypertension
group 2 PH –> PH due to left heart disease
group 3 PH –> PH due to lung diseases and/or hypoxia
group 4 PH –> PH caused by chronic thrombotic or embolic disease
group 5 PH –> PH with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms

Question 20

what are the causes of pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 20

genetic mutations
COPD
high altitude
inflammation/acute respiratory distress syndrome
congenital heart disease
primary (=idiopathic) pulmonary hypertension