respiratory and cardiovascular disease Flashcards
what is asthma?
common lung condition that causes intermittent breathing difficulties of varying severity
how do we call the asthma if it is dev later in life?
“late-onset” asthma
what contains the inhaler that treats asthma?
bronchodilator and an inflammatory glucocorticosteroid
what are the anthologies of asthma?
intrapulmonary bronchus is mostly block by mucus plug
the airway lumen is completely blocked by the plug
mucus producing goblet cells increase (=hyperplasia)
the basement membrane is thicker
increase in mass of airway smooth muscle
increase in size of mucus producing submucosal glands
increase in number of blood vessels
are the current treatment for asthma effective?
relatively, severe asthma is not well-controlled on current therapy
what is the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
medical condition that affects the lungs that affects breathing out quickly and is caused by inhaling noxious materials
what are the 3 processes that go on in COPD?
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
damage to blood vessels in lungs
what are the pathologies of COPD?
main bronchus’ lumen is partially occluded by a large mucus plug
smaller airways are almost completely blocked
increase fibrosis closing down bronchioles
marked reduction in alveolar attachments
dark coloured lung with ragged edges
dark interior of lung and numerous holes in the parenchyma
are the current treatment for COPD effective?
no
what are the current treatment for COPD?
use of bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroids EVENTHOUGH ineffective
what are the different causes of cardiovascular diseases?
inflammation
apoptosis and necrosis
oxidative stress
mechanical injury
what is atherosclerosis? where can it occur? what is it caused by?
disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries which narrows the channels
it can occur in any area of the body BUT most serious when it happens in the heart or blood vessels leading to the brain
caused by excessive inflammatory-fibroproliferative response to numerous different forms of vascular insult
what is the principle cause of myocardial infarction, stroke and gangrene of the extremities?
atherosclerosis
what is atherosclerosis initiated by?
it is initiated by endothelial damage/activation
what is pulmonary hypertension?
disease characterised by high blood pressure in pulmonary arteries
who is most targeted by pulmonary hypertension?
females
what are the symptoms of pulmonary hypertension?
chest pain weakness shortness of breath fatigue swelling in the ankles, abdomen or legs bluish lip and skin
what is the most serious form of pulmonary hypertension? what is it called?
when the normally thin walled peripheral pulmonary arterioles undergo a process called remodelling during which the smooth muscle layer grows uncontrollably inwards narrowing the lumen of the vessel and increases the tone of the vessel wall
It is called the pulmonary arterial hypertension
what are the five different groups of pulmonary hypertension and how do they vary?
group 1 PH –> pulmonary arterial hypertension
group 2 PH –> PH due to left heart disease
group 3 PH –> PH due to lung diseases and/or hypoxia
group 4 PH –> PH caused by chronic thrombotic or embolic disease
group 5 PH –> PH with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms
what are the causes of pulmonary hypertension?
genetic mutations
COPD
high altitude
inflammation/acute respiratory distress syndrome
congenital heart disease
primary (=idiopathic) pulmonary hypertension
