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Respiratory (F&F) > Respiratory anatomy and airflow > Flashcards

Respiratory anatomy and airflow Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

The process to obtain O2 and eliminate CO2

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2
Q

Why do we need respiration?

A

-cells require O2 to generate ATP (metabolism)
-metabolism produces CO2 which needs to be removed and regulated to maintain pH

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3
Q

General Path of airflow

A
  1. Airway passage (nasal or oral cavity)
  2. Trachea and bronchi
  3. Alveoli (sitting close to capillary network)
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4
Q

Air passage

A

-can either enter through the nasal or oral cavity to reach the oral pharynx and eventually the trachea

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5
Q

Nasal passage

A
  • Have concha for increased surface area and mucous secreting epithelium to trap foreign material
  • Also highly vascularized resulting in humidified and warmed air. Allows the brain to cool as well
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6
Q

Concha

A
  • Mucosa covered turbinate bones that increase SA for air passage
  • Lined with mucous secreting epithelium with hairs which trap particulates and pathogens
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7
Q

Purpose of vascularization of nasal passage

A

-air is humidified (epithelial surfaces water evaporates) and warmed (if ody temperature is greater than external temperature

  • can help cool brain (results in ~2-3 C decrease)
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8
Q

Obligate nose breathers

A
  • Horses, rodents, camels, cows
  • Long epiglottis which prevents efficient mouth breathing
  • Wide nostrils; pliable and dilatable nostrils to increase air intake
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9
Q

Frequent Mouth breathers

A

-pigs
- Have rigid nostrils
- usually able to breath efficiently through both nasal and oral cavity

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10
Q

Conducting airways

A

1.trachea
2. main bronchi
3. lobar bronchi
4. segmented bronchi
5. bronchioles
6. terminal bronchioles

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11
Q

Function of conducting airways

A

-delivery of air but no gas exchange
»warm air (transfer of heat from capillaries) as a method of heat loss (eg. Panting)
»humidify air (evaporation of water from mucosal surfaces)

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12
Q

Cell structure of conducting airways

A

-ciliated columnar epithelium
-move mucous or inhaled particulate out of lung to expectorate or swallow

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13
Q

Cartilage in conducting airways

A
  • Incomplete cartilage C ring attached to band of smooth muscle (Trachealis) which is able to contract and control airway diameter (coughing)
  • Present from trachea to bronchi
  • Prevents collapse
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14
Q

Smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles

A
  • Encircle both the bronchi and bronchioles
  • Innervated by autonomic nervous system
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15
Q

Parasympathetic bronchoconstriction

A
  • Acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors
  • Common with animals suffering from asthma
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16
Q

Sympathetic bronchodilator

A

Beta2 agonist such as epinephrine or albuterol stimulate the effect

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17
Q

Transitional zone

A
  • Terminal bronchioles
  • Move air, no gas exchange
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Last part of the conducting system
18
Q

Respiratory zones

A
  1. respiratory bronchiole
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveolar sacs
  4. alveoli
19
Q

What occurs at the respiratory zone?

A

Gas exchange (O2 diffusion in and CO2 diffusion out of pulmonary capillaries)

20
Q

Cell structure in respiratory zone

A
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Smooth muscle, no cartilage
21
Q

Terminal bronchiole

A
  • the smallest conducting airway connecting to respiratory zones
  • no gas exchange and therefore no alveoli bulbs/blobs
22
Q

Respiratory bronchiole

A

first area of gas exchange

23
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

lined entirely by alveoli

24
Q

Alveolar sacs

A
  • airspace surrounded by alveoli at the termination of alveolar ducts
25
Q

Alveoli

A

-terminal airspace where gas exchange occurs

26
Q

Diameter and SA changes as you descend areas of respiratory system

A
  • exponential
  • as diameter decreases, SA increases as you descend the lung
27
Q

SA ratio in respiratory zone

A
  • extremely high SA for gas exchange
  • 4-6 tennis courts in horse lungs
28
Q

Alveolar epithelial cells

A

-also called pneumocytes
- present in alveoli of lungs
-different functions

29
Q

Types of alveolar epithelial cells

A

1.Type I
2. Type II

30
Q

Type I alveolar epithelial cells

A

-squamous epithelial
- Large and flat, covers 97% of SA
- very thin cytoplasm for gas diffusion
- highly differentiated and do not divide
- sensitive to damage and therefore very difficult to recover this cell type

31
Q

Type II alveolar epithelial cells

A
  • Cuboidal epithelial
  • Thick, covers ~3% of SA

Functions:
- Synthesize surfactant (which allows the lungs to open)
- Progenitor cells that multiply and differentiate into Type I (although very slow process)
- Ionic pumps (prevent excess alveolar fluid)

32
Q

Airflow

A

Only exist when there is a difference in pressure (moves from high to low)
- Increased difference results in increased flow rate

Will slow with branching

33
Q

Turbulent airflow

A
  • Air moving quickly through large diameter and collides with wall. Triggers the normal breathing sounds
  • Occurs in trachea
  • Fast
34
Q

Transitional/vorticose airflow

A
  • Mix of laminar and turbulent flow
  • Occurs at branching points (5th to 13th generation) within terminal bronchioles where there is a slight increase in diameter
35
Q

Laminar airflow

A

Air moving at low velocity through narrow tubes
- Bronchioles and smaller airways
- Silent
- Inflammation or fluid can lead to abnormal sounds

36
Q

Dead space

A

Inhaled air that does not participate in gas exchange

37
Q

Anatomical dead space

A
  • Areas where no gas exchange occurs
  • Oral cavity and conducting airways: includes both extra-pulmonary (oral cavity, trachea) and intra-pulmonary (bronchi, upper bronchioles)
    »Filled with air during inspiration but is exhaled without gas exchange
38
Q

Physiological dead space

A

Anatomical dead space and the alveolar dead space (**disease states)
- Ex. blood flow obstruction= no perfusion= no gas exchange
- Ex. Atelectasis= collapsed alveoli= no gas exchange

39
Q

Healthy animals anatomic dead space vs. physiological dead space

A

When animals are healthy, there will be no alveolar dead space so the anatomical dead space = physiological dead space

40
Q

Equipment/mechanical dead space

A

Additional equipment (endotracheal tubes) past the oral cavity of the patient connected to the airway

41
Q

Result of having equipment/mechanical dead space

A

Results in longer distance of O2 to travel for inspiration, and longer distance of CO2 to travel for exhalation
- Could cause a risk of incomplete exhalation

Concern for small patients (less than 6kg) with lower lung capacity. Dead space to tidal volume (amount of air in/out per normal breath) is too high

42
Q

What can incomplete exhalation result in?

A

CO2 rebreathing –> hypercapnia –> respiratory acidosis and respiratory distress (hypoxemia)

Respiratory (F&F) (8 decks)

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