RESPIRATORY ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

Question 1: Which of the following statements about bronchi is INCORRECT?

Because of their small diameter, they don’t require cartilage to support their walls.
They form airways extending between the trachea and the bronchioles.
They are lined with an epithelium specialised to secrete and transport a mucous sheet upwards towards the pharynx.
They cannot participate in gas exchange because their walls are too thick to allow rapid diffusion.
Tertiary bronchi supply air to units of the lung called bronchopulmonary segments.

A

Because of their small diameter, they don’t require cartilage to support their walls.
brooch tend to have a larger diameter (compared to bronchiole) so require cartilage to conduct air

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT found in or on the walls of alveoli?

a) macrophages
b) endothelial cells of capillaries
c) squamous (Type 1) epithelial cells
d) surfactant-secreting (Type II) epithelial cells
e) mucus-secreting epithelial cells

A

mucus-secreting epithelial cells - no, mucus glands stop at conducting zone

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3
Q

The right lung:

a) receives deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle
b) has a pronounced notch, the cardiac notch, which accommodates the heart
c) is covered with a smooth, slippery parietal pleura
d) has three lobes and two fissures (horizontal and oblique)
e) is attached on its lateral surface to the right primary bronchus at a region called the hilus

A

has three lobes and two fissures (horizontal and oblique) - yes, and the left lung has 2 lobes

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4
Q

The muscles of ventilation are:

smooth muscles innervated by cranial nerves
skeletal muscles innervated by spinal nerves
smooth muscles innervated by spinal nerves
cardiac muscles
skeletal muscles innervated by cranial nerves

A

skeletal muscles innervated by spinal nerves

correct, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are skeletal muscles. The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve which is a spinal cord originating from the cervical region of the vertebrae. The intercostal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves which are also spinal nerves.

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5
Q

Which of the following lists the structures in the correct order of air flow?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, alveoli
oropharynx, laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, trachea, alveoli
oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx, trachea

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, alveoli - yes this shows order of air entering pharynx and into the lower res tract

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6
Q

What is normally found between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura?

a) air
b) venous blood
c) the lungs
d) lymph
e) serous fluid

A

serous fluid - clear fluid helps lungs move with minimal friction

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7
Q

C-shaped cartilage rings support the:

a) laryngopharynx
b) tertiary bronchi.
c) trachea.
d) terminal bronchioles.
e) All of these are supported by C-shaped rings.

A

trachea. - support the shape and integrity of the trachea

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the wall of the trachea?

a) ciliated epithelial cells
b) mucus-producing cells
c) C-shaped plates of cartilage
d) stratified squamous epithelium
e) elastic fibres

A

stratified squamous epithelium less need for stratified cells here because food and damage is less likely to happen in this region due to the epiglottis

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9
Q

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a) The walls of the alveoli contain mucus-producing cells
b) The pulmonary vessels carry oxygenated blood to the lung
c) The trachea branches directly into a right and left bronchiole, which then enter the lungs
d) The wall of the alveoli does not contain elastic fibres
e) Macrophages clear foreign particles from the alveolar space

A

Macrophages clear foreign particles from the alveolar space - alveolar macrophages do this

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10
Q

A tube which conducts air in the adult human body is supported by irregular pieces of cartilage embedded within its wall. Smooth muscle is present which allows the diameter of the tube to be adjusted. The epithelium lining the tube contains a mixture of ciliated and mucus-secreting cells. There are also tubular mucous glands within the wall. The tube is:

a) the trachea
b) a bronchiole
c) the larynx
d) a bronchus
e) the pharynx

A

a bronchus - yes , this fills all the criteria

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11
Q

An airway of the lung is relatively thick-walled. It lacks supporting cartilage and there are no mucous glands. The diameter of the airway can be varied using smooth muscle in the wall. Most, but not all, of the cells lining the airway are ciliated. The airway is:

a) a bronchus
b) a bronchiole
c) the trachea
d) an alveolar sac
e) an alveolar duct

A

a bronchiole

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12
Q

Which of the following is found throughout the respiratory tree, i.e. is present in both conducting and respiratory regions?

a) elastic fibers
b) Type II cells
c) ciliated epithelial cells
d) cartilage
e) mucus-secreting cells

A

ciliated epithelial cells

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13
Q

The left lung:

a) is surrounded by a pleural cavity lined with mucus-secreting epithelial cells
b) is covered with a slippery parietal pleura
c) is supplied with deoxygenated blood via branches of the pulmonary vein
d) has three lobes
e) is attached to the left primary bronchus

A

is attached to the left primary bronchus

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14
Q

The visceral pleura:

a) has air on one side and lung tissue on the other side
b) is composed of a thin layer of flattened cells covering the surface of the lung
c) covers the upper surface of the diaphragm
d) extends down the airways as far as the bronchioles
e) is the thin layer that forms the smooth lining of the thoracic cavities

A

is composed of a thin layer of flattened cells covering the surface of the lung

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15
Q

Which one of the following statements about bronchi is correct?

a) bronchi are lined with an epithelium specialized to secrete and transport mucous towards the alveoli
b) bronchi are airways that extend between the pharynx and the bronchioles
c) the diameter of their lumens is smaller than bronchioles
d) bronchi do not require cartilage to strengthen their walls
e) bronchi cannot participate in gas exchange because their walls are too thick to allow rapid diffusion

A

bronchi cannot participate in gas exchange because their walls are too thick to allow rapid diffusion - yes, they are a part of the conducting zone and do not undergo gas exchange

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16
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the wall of a large bronchus?

a) type II cells
b) smooth muscle
c) ciliated cells
d) cartilage
e) elastic fibres

A

type II cells - correct, these are the surfactant cells that are only present in the alveoli

17
Q

Which one of the following cells secretes surfactant in the lung?

a) squamous epithelial cell
b) type II cell
c) macrophage
d) red blood cell
e) type I cell

A

type II cell - correct, these are the surfactant cells which produce and secrete surfactant in the alveoli of the lung.

18
Q

Concerning the lung:

a) The area of body surface exposed to air within the lungs is approximately equal to the surface area of skin.
b) The respiratory zone of the lung is the region where gas exchange takes place
c) A lung lobule is the group of airways supplied by a single segmental bronchus.
d) The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes the respiratory bronchioles.
e) The area of body surface exposed to air within the lungs is less than the surface area of skin.

A

The respiratory zone of the lung is the region where gas exchange takes place

19
Q

The following statements about the respiratory zone of the respiratory system are correct EXCEPT:

a) it is the site of external respiration
b) it contains type I squamous pneumocytes
c) it begins around the 20th generation of branching
d) it contains respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
e) it includes airways both inside and outside the lungs

A

it includes airways both inside and outside the lungs - the respiratory zone contains the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts and the alveoli sacs which are all structures deep within the lung, therefore the respiratory zone only includes airways inside the lungs.

20
Q

A tube that conducts air in the adult human body is supported by c-shaped rings of cartilage. The cartilage rings are connected by a band of smooth muscle. The tube lies anterior to the oesophagus and is about 12 cm long. The tube is:

a) A bronchiole
b) The larynx
c) The trachea
d) The oropharynx
e) The right primary bronchus

A

The trachea

21
Q

”External respiration” means:

a) the metabolic reactions within cells which consume oxygen and yield energy through the chemical breakdown of molecules such as glucose
b) all of the options are correct
c) the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid which surrounds them
d) the exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood which occurs in the alveoli of the lungs
e) the flow of air into and out of the lungs by way of the conducting airways during inspiration and expiration respectively

A

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood which occurs in the alveoli of the lungs

22
Q

Cells that remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar space are called:

a) type II cells
b) Club cells
c) alveolar macrophages
d) type I squamous pneumocytes
e) cuboidal ciliated epithelial cells

A

alveolar macrophages

23
Q

what is pneumothorax ?

A

is a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. Pneumothorax can be a complete lung collapse or a collapse of only a portion of the lung

24
Q

root of the lung is the

A

hilum

25
Q

tube formed by alveoli

A

alveolar ducts

26
Q

surfactant cells (type 2)

A

produce and secrete surfactant

27
Q

squamous pnuemocyte (type 1)

A

very thin for gas exchange. make up wall of alveoli

28
Q

alveolar macrophage

A

recognise, engulf and destroy target cells

29
Q

Cartilage and mucus glands stop at the..

A

smallest bronchiole

30
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus in the large airways

31
Q

club cells

A

relous a serous (watery) secretion in bronchioles

32
Q

primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi

A

main stem, lobar, segmental

33
Q

two distinct phases of breathing

A

is divided into two distinct phases, inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation).

34
Q

external intercostal muscle

A

for inspiration and breathing in

35
Q

internal intercostal muscle

A

breathing out and contracting - dragging the ribs downwards

36
Q

phrenic nerve

A

The phrenic nerve is a mixed motor/sensory nerve which originates from the C3-C5 spinal nerves in the neck. The nerve is important for breathing because it provides exclusive motor control of the diaphragm, the primary muscle of respiration.