RESPIRATORY ANATOMY Flashcards
Question 1: Which of the following statements about bronchi is INCORRECT?
Because of their small diameter, they don’t require cartilage to support their walls.
They form airways extending between the trachea and the bronchioles.
They are lined with an epithelium specialised to secrete and transport a mucous sheet upwards towards the pharynx.
They cannot participate in gas exchange because their walls are too thick to allow rapid diffusion.
Tertiary bronchi supply air to units of the lung called bronchopulmonary segments.
Because of their small diameter, they don’t require cartilage to support their walls.
brooch tend to have a larger diameter (compared to bronchiole) so require cartilage to conduct air
Which of the following is NOT found in or on the walls of alveoli?
a) macrophages
b) endothelial cells of capillaries
c) squamous (Type 1) epithelial cells
d) surfactant-secreting (Type II) epithelial cells
e) mucus-secreting epithelial cells
mucus-secreting epithelial cells - no, mucus glands stop at conducting zone
The right lung:
a) receives deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle
b) has a pronounced notch, the cardiac notch, which accommodates the heart
c) is covered with a smooth, slippery parietal pleura
d) has three lobes and two fissures (horizontal and oblique)
e) is attached on its lateral surface to the right primary bronchus at a region called the hilus
has three lobes and two fissures (horizontal and oblique) - yes, and the left lung has 2 lobes
The muscles of ventilation are:
smooth muscles innervated by cranial nerves
skeletal muscles innervated by spinal nerves
smooth muscles innervated by spinal nerves
cardiac muscles
skeletal muscles innervated by cranial nerves
skeletal muscles innervated by spinal nerves
correct, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are skeletal muscles. The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve which is a spinal cord originating from the cervical region of the vertebrae. The intercostal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves which are also spinal nerves.
Which of the following lists the structures in the correct order of air flow?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, alveoli
oropharynx, laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, trachea, alveoli
oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx, trachea
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, alveoli - yes this shows order of air entering pharynx and into the lower res tract
What is normally found between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura?
a) air
b) venous blood
c) the lungs
d) lymph
e) serous fluid
serous fluid - clear fluid helps lungs move with minimal friction
C-shaped cartilage rings support the:
a) laryngopharynx
b) tertiary bronchi.
c) trachea.
d) terminal bronchioles.
e) All of these are supported by C-shaped rings.
trachea. - support the shape and integrity of the trachea
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the wall of the trachea?
a) ciliated epithelial cells
b) mucus-producing cells
c) C-shaped plates of cartilage
d) stratified squamous epithelium
e) elastic fibres
stratified squamous epithelium less need for stratified cells here because food and damage is less likely to happen in this region due to the epiglottis
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a) The walls of the alveoli contain mucus-producing cells
b) The pulmonary vessels carry oxygenated blood to the lung
c) The trachea branches directly into a right and left bronchiole, which then enter the lungs
d) The wall of the alveoli does not contain elastic fibres
e) Macrophages clear foreign particles from the alveolar space
Macrophages clear foreign particles from the alveolar space - alveolar macrophages do this
A tube which conducts air in the adult human body is supported by irregular pieces of cartilage embedded within its wall. Smooth muscle is present which allows the diameter of the tube to be adjusted. The epithelium lining the tube contains a mixture of ciliated and mucus-secreting cells. There are also tubular mucous glands within the wall. The tube is:
a) the trachea
b) a bronchiole
c) the larynx
d) a bronchus
e) the pharynx
a bronchus - yes , this fills all the criteria
An airway of the lung is relatively thick-walled. It lacks supporting cartilage and there are no mucous glands. The diameter of the airway can be varied using smooth muscle in the wall. Most, but not all, of the cells lining the airway are ciliated. The airway is:
a) a bronchus
b) a bronchiole
c) the trachea
d) an alveolar sac
e) an alveolar duct
a bronchiole
Which of the following is found throughout the respiratory tree, i.e. is present in both conducting and respiratory regions?
a) elastic fibers
b) Type II cells
c) ciliated epithelial cells
d) cartilage
e) mucus-secreting cells
ciliated epithelial cells
The left lung:
a) is surrounded by a pleural cavity lined with mucus-secreting epithelial cells
b) is covered with a slippery parietal pleura
c) is supplied with deoxygenated blood via branches of the pulmonary vein
d) has three lobes
e) is attached to the left primary bronchus
is attached to the left primary bronchus
The visceral pleura:
a) has air on one side and lung tissue on the other side
b) is composed of a thin layer of flattened cells covering the surface of the lung
c) covers the upper surface of the diaphragm
d) extends down the airways as far as the bronchioles
e) is the thin layer that forms the smooth lining of the thoracic cavities
is composed of a thin layer of flattened cells covering the surface of the lung
Which one of the following statements about bronchi is correct?
a) bronchi are lined with an epithelium specialized to secrete and transport mucous towards the alveoli
b) bronchi are airways that extend between the pharynx and the bronchioles
c) the diameter of their lumens is smaller than bronchioles
d) bronchi do not require cartilage to strengthen their walls
e) bronchi cannot participate in gas exchange because their walls are too thick to allow rapid diffusion
bronchi cannot participate in gas exchange because their walls are too thick to allow rapid diffusion - yes, they are a part of the conducting zone and do not undergo gas exchange