Respiratory anatomy Flashcards
Where does the respiratory system extend from?
The nares of the nose to the alveoli of the lungs
Define respiration and ventilation
Respiration = exchange of gases at the alveoli Ventilation = movement of air through the airways
Where does the costal portion of the diaphragm arise from?
The xiphoid process of the sternum and the costochondral junctions of ribs 8-12
Which pleura invests the tissue of the lung?
Visceral pleura
The caudal vena cava runs to the heart in a fold of pleura known as the … ?
Plica vena cava
What is the importance of negative pressure in the pleural sac?
Hold the lungs against the body wall.
What is pneumothorax?
A hole in the pleura causing the lung on that side to collapse
What is the function of nasal turbinates?
Warm, humidify and clean air passing through
What are ethmoid conchae?
Scrolls of bone lined with vascular mucosa containing mucosal glands.
Describe the pathway of air from the nasal cavity
- into the nasopharynx
- then into the larynx via the vestibule through the glottic cleft
- infraglottic cavity to the trachea
What is the role of the epiglottis?
Diverts food material away from the airway towards the oesophagus
What does the larynx connect?
The pharynx and the trachea
Where does the trachea terminate?
At the tracheal bifurcation dorsal to the base of the heart
Describe the structure of the trachea
- tubular structure with a ciliated mucosal lining
- supported by a fibrocartilaginous framework composed of incomplete rings of cartilage
- elastic connective tissue
- ends of the rings are joined by tracheal muscle
How does the shape of the tracheal rings and muscle differ between different breeds of dog?
- some have a wide, flattened tracheal ring and long tracheal muscle making the animal prone to tracheal collapse
How is tracheal bifurcation different in ruminants and pigs?
A separate tracheal bronchus arises from the trachea cranial to the bifurcation and enters the cranial lobe of the right lung
Which lung lobe do horses lack?
Right, middle lung lobe
How is a lobe defined?
As the portion of tissue supplies by a secondary bronchus
The portion of tissue supplied by each tertiary bronchus is known as … ?
A bronchopulmonary segment or primary lobule
Which type of epithelium lines the conducting airways of the ventilation system?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells and submucosal glands
What defines the division of bronchus to bronchioles?
Cartilaginous rings dwindle and are replaced with smooth muscle, and submucosal glands are lost
How is the structure of bronchioles maintained?
Elastic tissue
Which cells produce surfactant?
Clara cells and type 2 alveocytes
Describe the structure of the alveoli
- one flattened epithelial cell thick
- basement membrane between the pulmonary capillaries
- alveolar macrophages and types 2 alveocytes
