Respiratory anatomy

Question 1

Where does the respiratory system extend from?

Answer 1

The nares of the nose to the alveoli of the lungs

Question 2

Define respiration and ventilation

Answer 2

Respiration = exchange of gases at the alveoli
Ventilation = movement of air through the airways

Question 3

Where does the costal portion of the diaphragm arise from?

Answer 3

The xiphoid process of the sternum and the costochondral junctions of ribs 8-12

Question 4

Which pleura invests the tissue of the lung?

Answer 4

Visceral pleura

Question 5

The caudal vena cava runs to the heart in a fold of pleura known as the … ?

Answer 5

Plica vena cava

Question 6

What is the importance of negative pressure in the pleural sac?

Answer 6

Hold the lungs against the body wall.

Question 7

What is pneumothorax?

Answer 7

A hole in the pleura causing the lung on that side to collapse

Question 8

What is the function of nasal turbinates?

Answer 8

Warm, humidify and clean air passing through

Question 9

What are ethmoid conchae?

Answer 9

Scrolls of bone lined with vascular mucosa containing mucosal glands.

Question 10

Describe the pathway of air from the nasal cavity

Answer 10

• into the nasopharynx
• then into the larynx via the vestibule through the glottic cleft
• infraglottic cavity to the trachea

Question 11

What is the role of the epiglottis?

Answer 11

Diverts food material away from the airway towards the oesophagus

Question 12

What does the larynx connect?

Answer 12

The pharynx and the trachea

Question 13

Where does the trachea terminate?

Answer 13

At the tracheal bifurcation dorsal to the base of the heart

Question 14

Describe the structure of the trachea

Answer 14

• tubular structure with a ciliated mucosal lining
• supported by a fibrocartilaginous framework composed of incomplete rings of cartilage
• elastic connective tissue
• ends of the rings are joined by tracheal muscle

Question 15

How does the shape of the tracheal rings and muscle differ between different breeds of dog?

Answer 15

• some have a wide, flattened tracheal ring and long tracheal muscle making the animal prone to tracheal collapse

Question 16

How is tracheal bifurcation different in ruminants and pigs?

Answer 16

A separate tracheal bronchus arises from the trachea cranial to the bifurcation and enters the cranial lobe of the right lung

Question 17

Which lung lobe do horses lack?

Answer 17

Right, middle lung lobe

Question 18

How is a lobe defined?

Answer 18

As the portion of tissue supplies by a secondary bronchus

Question 19

The portion of tissue supplied by each tertiary bronchus is known as … ?

Answer 19

A bronchopulmonary segment or primary lobule

Question 20

Which type of epithelium lines the conducting airways of the ventilation system?

Answer 20

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells and submucosal glands

Question 21

What defines the division of bronchus to bronchioles?

Answer 21

Cartilaginous rings dwindle and are replaced with smooth muscle, and submucosal glands are lost

Question 22

How is the structure of bronchioles maintained?

Answer 22

Elastic tissue

Question 23

Which cells produce surfactant?

Answer 23

Clara cells and type 2 alveocytes

Question 24

Describe the structure of the alveoli

Answer 24

• one flattened epithelial cell thick
• basement membrane between the pulmonary capillaries
• alveolar macrophages and types 2 alveocytes

Question 25

Which vessels deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs?

Answer 25

• Pulmonary arteries which branch from the pulmonary trunk, exiting the right ventricle of the heart
• Bronchial arteries also arise from the aorta to supply the tissues of the lung

Question 26

What makes up a bronchovascular bundle?

Answer 26

A bundle of connective tissue containing a bronchus, artery and vein

Question 27

Where does venous drainage from bronchial veins drain into?

Answer 27

The azygous vein and directly into the left atrium

Question 28

The lung receives sympathetic and parasympathetic supply via … ?

Answer 28

The pulmonary plexus

Question 29

Which nerve provides the parasympathetic portion to the lungs?

Answer 29

The vagus nerve