Respiratory - Anatomy

Question 1

Name the 3 components of upper respiratory tract?

Answer 1

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

Question 2

Name the 3 components of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 2

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Lungs

Question 3

What are the 5 components of that make up the Conducting Portion?

Answer 3

Nasal Cavity
Nasopharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Terminal bronchioles

Question 4

What are the 4 components that make up the Respiratory Portion?

Answer 4

Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs
Alveoli

Question 5

What are the 7 components found in the lung?

Answer 5

Secondary bronchi (lobar)
Tertiary bronchi (segmental)
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

Question 6

Describe the location of the trachea.

Answer 6

Starts at C6
Ends at T4

Rises by 1 level during expiration
Lowered by 2 levels during inspiration

Question 7

Describe the components of trachea. (4)

Answer 7

Made up of hyaline (clear) cartilage
Made up of pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells
Ends at the carina before dividing into primary bronchi
Controlled by trachealis muscle located at posterior

Question 8

What arteries supply the trachea? (2)

Answer 8

Interior thyroid arteries supply upper 2/3

Bronchial arteries supply lower 1/3

Question 9

Where does the lymph drainage go? (3)

Answer 9

Pretracheal lymph nodes
Paratracheal lymph nodes
Deep cervical nodes

Question 10

Describe the nerve supply of the trachea. (2)

Answer 10

Sensory nerve is from vagi and recurrent laryngeal nerves (parasympathetic)
Sympathetic nerves supply the trachealis muscle

Question 11

Why is the right lung more prone to infection?

Answer 11

The right main bronchus is more vertical than left (oblique)

Therefore foreign bodies easily travel to the right lung than left

Question 12

Describe the change in epithelium cells from lobar bronchus to alveolus. (4)

Answer 12

Ciliated columnar
Columnar
Cuboidal
Squamous

Question 13

How is the left lung differ from the right? (2)

Answer 13

Left lung has a cardiac notch at the middle mediastinum & lingula

Question 14

Describe the pleura. (4)

Answer 14

-3 mm Hg in pressure
Covers and protect lungs
Pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid which lubricates the pleura
Made up of 2 components: outer parietal & inner visceral

Question 15

Name the 10 bronchopulmonary segments of the Right lung

Answer 15

U: apical, posterior, anterior
M: lateral, medial,
L: superior, posterior basal, lateral basal, anterior basal, medial basal.

Question 16

Name the 10 bronchopulmonary segments of the Left lung

Answer 16

U: apical, posterior, anterior, superior lingualar and inferior lingualar.
L: superior, posterior basal, lateral basal, anterior basal, medial basal.

Question 17

Describe the network of circulatory vessels in the lung.

Answer 17

Pulmonary vein is in the bronchopulmonary segments.
Pulmonary artery runs along the bronchioles.
Bronchial arteries branch off thoracic aorta.

Question 18

What is the pulmonary plexus made up of? (2)

Answer 18

Sympathetic trunk

Pulmonary branches of vagus nerve

Question 19

Describe the pathophysiology for open pneumothorax. (6 + 5)

Answer 19

Inspiration:
Air enters the pleural cavity through open chest wound.
Atmospheric pressure is greater than pleural pressure.
Loss of negative pleural pressure.
Collapse of ipsilateral lung.
Reducing venous return to heart.
Mediastinum shifts, compress opposite lung impairing ventilating capacity.

Expiration:
Chest wall contracts and diaphragm rises.
Air is expelled out of pleural cavity via wound.
Mediastinum shifts to affected area.
Mediastinum flutter further impairs venous return by distortion of vena cava.

Question 20

Describe the pathophysiology of tension pneumothorax. (6 + 5)

Answer 20

Inspiration:
Air enters the pleural cavity through chest wound with valve-like opening.
Atmospheric pressure is greater than pleural pressure.
Loss of negative pleural pressure.
Collapse of ipsilateral lung.
Reducing venous return to heart.
Mediastinum shifts, compress opposite lung impairing ventilating capacity.

Expiration:
Intrapleural pressure rises.
Closes valve-like opening, preventing air from escaping.
Pressure progressively increases with each breathe.
Mediastinal and tracheal shift increase.
Diaphragm depressed and venous return impaired by vena cava distortion.

Question 21

What are the hemothorax and chylothorax?

Answer 21

Hemothorax: rupture of either internal, lateral thoracic artery or internal intercoastal artery causing filling of blood in pleural cavity

Chylothorax: accumulation of lymph due to rupture of thoracic duct. The duct should be ligated.

Question 22

Describe thoracentesis. (3)

Answer 22

Removal of fluid from pleural cavity.
Needle is inserted at the lower part of 6th intercoastal space.
At mid-axilla by 45°

Question 23

Describe how Heimlich manoeuvre works. (5)

Answer 23

Pressure is exerted above the umbilical.
Decrease in pleural pressure.
Diaphragm flexes upwards.
Forces deflation of lungs.
Drives the force to remove substance.

Question 24

Describe the formation of the respiratory diverticulum.

Answer 24

Deepening and elongation of the laryngo tracheal groove gives rise to the respiratory diverticulum.

Question 25

Describe the development of the respiratory diverticulum by it’s sections. (2 + 3 + 2)

Answer 25

Proximal portion:
Larynx
Primordial laryngeal inlet

Middle portion:
Separated from oesophagus
Tracheo-oesophageal septum
Develops into trachea

Distal portion:
Enlarges, becomes globular
Develops into bronchi and lungs

Question 26

Describe the development of the larynx. (4)

Answer 26

Epithelial
Develops from upper part of laryngo tracheal tube

Laryngeal cartilages
Mesenchyme of 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

Epiglottis
Caudal part of the Hypobranchial eminence

Laryngeal muscles
My oblast of 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

Question 27

Describe the growth of larynx. (1 + 3)

Answer 27

Grows during first 3 years of life.

At puberty:
Cartilage enlarges
Vocal folds lengthen
Laryngeal prominence is conspicuous.

Question 28

What are the 2 tracheo-laryngeal abnormalities?

Answer 28

Laryngeal atresia

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TEF)