Respiratory - Anatomy Flashcards
Name the 3 components of upper respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Name the 3 components of the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Lungs
What are the 5 components of that make up the Conducting Portion?
Nasal Cavity Nasopharynx Trachea Bronchi Terminal bronchioles
What are the 4 components that make up the Respiratory Portion?
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs
Alveoli
What are the 7 components found in the lung?
Secondary bronchi (lobar) Tertiary bronchi (segmental) Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli
Describe the location of the trachea.
Starts at C6
Ends at T4
Rises by 1 level during expiration
Lowered by 2 levels during inspiration
Describe the components of trachea. (4)
Made up of hyaline (clear) cartilage
Made up of pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells
Ends at the carina before dividing into primary bronchi
Controlled by trachealis muscle located at posterior
What arteries supply the trachea? (2)
Interior thyroid arteries supply upper 2/3
Bronchial arteries supply lower 1/3
Where does the lymph drainage go? (3)
Pretracheal lymph nodes
Paratracheal lymph nodes
Deep cervical nodes
Describe the nerve supply of the trachea. (2)
Sensory nerve is from vagi and recurrent laryngeal nerves (parasympathetic)
Sympathetic nerves supply the trachealis muscle
Why is the right lung more prone to infection?
The right main bronchus is more vertical than left (oblique)
Therefore foreign bodies easily travel to the right lung than left
Describe the change in epithelium cells from lobar bronchus to alveolus. (4)
Ciliated columnar
Columnar
Cuboidal
Squamous
How is the left lung differ from the right? (2)
Left lung has a cardiac notch at the middle mediastinum & lingula
Describe the pleura. (4)
-3 mm Hg in pressure
Covers and protect lungs
Pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid which lubricates the pleura
Made up of 2 components: outer parietal & inner visceral
Name the 10 bronchopulmonary segments of the Right lung
U: apical, posterior, anterior
M: lateral, medial,
L: superior, posterior basal, lateral basal, anterior basal, medial basal.
Name the 10 bronchopulmonary segments of the Left lung
U: apical, posterior, anterior, superior lingualar and inferior lingualar.
L: superior, posterior basal, lateral basal, anterior basal, medial basal.
Describe the network of circulatory vessels in the lung.
Pulmonary vein is in the bronchopulmonary segments.
Pulmonary artery runs along the bronchioles.
Bronchial arteries branch off thoracic aorta.
What is the pulmonary plexus made up of? (2)
Sympathetic trunk
Pulmonary branches of vagus nerve
Describe the pathophysiology for open pneumothorax. (6 + 5)
Inspiration:
Air enters the pleural cavity through open chest wound.
Atmospheric pressure is greater than pleural pressure.
Loss of negative pleural pressure.
Collapse of ipsilateral lung.
Reducing venous return to heart.
Mediastinum shifts, compress opposite lung impairing ventilating capacity.
Expiration:
Chest wall contracts and diaphragm rises.
Air is expelled out of pleural cavity via wound.
Mediastinum shifts to affected area.
Mediastinum flutter further impairs venous return by distortion of vena cava.
Describe the pathophysiology of tension pneumothorax. (6 + 5)
Inspiration:
Air enters the pleural cavity through chest wound with valve-like opening.
Atmospheric pressure is greater than pleural pressure.
Loss of negative pleural pressure.
Collapse of ipsilateral lung.
Reducing venous return to heart.
Mediastinum shifts, compress opposite lung impairing ventilating capacity.
Expiration:
Intrapleural pressure rises.
Closes valve-like opening, preventing air from escaping.
Pressure progressively increases with each breathe.
Mediastinal and tracheal shift increase.
Diaphragm depressed and venous return impaired by vena cava distortion.
What are the hemothorax and chylothorax?
Hemothorax: rupture of either internal, lateral thoracic artery or internal intercoastal artery causing filling of blood in pleural cavity
Chylothorax: accumulation of lymph due to rupture of thoracic duct. The duct should be ligated.
Describe thoracentesis. (3)
Removal of fluid from pleural cavity.
Needle is inserted at the lower part of 6th intercoastal space.
At mid-axilla by 45°
Describe how Heimlich manoeuvre works. (5)
Pressure is exerted above the umbilical. Decrease in pleural pressure. Diaphragm flexes upwards. Forces deflation of lungs. Drives the force to remove substance.
Describe the formation of the respiratory diverticulum.
Deepening and elongation of the laryngo tracheal groove gives rise to the respiratory diverticulum.
