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Respiratory anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

two systems that cooperate to supply O2 and eliminate CO2 are the

A

cardiovascular and the respiratory system

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2
Q

Respiration is the exchange of gases between

A

the atmosphere, blood, and cells.

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3
Q

Respiration takes place in three basic steps:

A
  1. ventilation (breathing)
  2. external (pulmonary) respiration
  3. internal (tissue) respiration
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4
Q

The Respiratory System consists of:

A 
Nose
Pharynx = throat
Larynx = voicebox
Trachea = windpipe
Bronchi = airways
Lungs
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5
Q

The Respiratory System is divided structurally into:

A
  1. upper respiratory tract (above vocal cords): nose, nasal cavity, pharynx & associated structures
  2. lower respiratory tract (below vocal cords): larynx , trachea, bronchi & lungs
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6
Q

The Respiratory System functionally is divided into:

A
  1. The conducting system consists of a series of cavities and tubes - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, and terminal bronchioles - that conduct air into the lungs.
  2. The respiratory portion consists of the area where gas exchange occurs - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
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7
Q

External Nose-

A

-made of cartilage and skin and is lined with
mucous membrane.
-bony framework formed by the frontal bone, nasal
bones, and maxillae
-cartilaginous framework consists of the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilages & alar cartilages

On the undersurface you find the external nares or nostrils

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8
Q

Internal Nose aka The Nasal Cavity

A
  • divided into right and left sides by the nasal septum (cartilage + bones)
  • ethmoid bone forms roof
  • lateral walls are formed by the ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine and inferior nasal conchae bones
  • palatine bones & the palatine processes aka the hard palate from the floor
  • lined with muscle and mucous membrane
  • merges with the external nose anteriorly and communicates with the nasopharynx posteriorly through the internal nares
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9
Q

anterior portion of the cavity just inside the nostrils is called

A

the nasal vestibule ; it is lined with coarse hairs for filtering large dust particles

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10
Q

Respiratory Region:

A

larger, inferior region of nasal cavity; lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with many goblet cells

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11
Q

Olfactory Region:

A

smaller, superior region of nasal cavity; olfactory receptors located near to the superior nasal conchae lie in this region; contains cilia but no goblet cells

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12
Q

Paranasal sinuses include:

A

frontal, sphenoid, maxillary and ethmoidal

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13
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal ducts?

A

Produce mucus and resonate sound Tears

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14
Q

Nasal Conchae

A

are shelf-like projections lined with mucous membranes that extend from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. They divide the nasal cavity into groove-like passageways called the superior, middle and inferior meatuses

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15
Q

What if the function of the Nasal conchae and meatuses?

A

Warm air; trap water molecules on exhalation (moistens)

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16
Q

Function of the Internal Nose Structures

A
  1. Course hairs lining vestibule filter large dust particles
  2. Detecting olfactory stimuli
  3. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells lines nasal cavity
    a. warms air due to high vascularity
    b. mucous moistens air & traps dust
    c. cilia move mucous towards pharynx
  4. Paranasal sinuses that open into nasal cavity lighten skull & resonate voice
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17
Q

Which function does not operate in smokers and how does it affect smokers?

A

Cilica do not function/ they must cough to release mucus

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18
Q

Rhinoplasty (“nose job”)

A

is a surgical procedure in which the structure of the

external nose is altered for cosmetic or functional reasons (fracture or septal repair)

19
Q

The pharynx (throat) is

A

a 5 inch muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane that extends from the internal nares to the cricoid cartilage

20
Q

The anatomic regions of the pharynx (throat) are

A

the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and

laryngopharynx.

21
Q

Functions of the pharynx (throat) are

A
  • passageway for food and air
  • resonating chamber for speech production
  • tonsil (lymphatic tissue) in the walls protects entryway into body
22
Q

Nasopharyx:

A

functions in respiration.
• From choanae to soft palate
– openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes from middle ear cavity
– adenoids or pharyngeal tonsil in roof
• Passageway for air only/ respiration only
– pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet

23
Q

Oropharyx

A

has respiratory and digestive function
• from soft palate to epiglottis
– fauces is opening from mouth into oropharynx
– palatine tonsils found in side walls, lingual tonsil in tongue
• Common passageway for food & air/digestion & respiration
– stratified squamous epithelium

24
Q

Laryngopharyx:

A

has respiratory and digestive function
• extends from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
• Common passageway for food & air; ends as esophagus inferiorly
– stratified squamous epithelium

25
Q

In what region do you find
the pharyngeal tonsils,
the palatine tonsils
the lingual tonsils?

A

Nasopharynx
post.oral cavity
oropharyxn

26
Q

The larynx (voice box) is

A

a passageway that connects the pharynx with the
trachea.
• Cartilage & connective tissue tube
• Anterior to C4 to C6

27
Q

larynx (voice box) is constructed of

A

3 single cartilages:
1. thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)- forms the ant wall of the larynx • larger in males
2. the epiglottis- prevents food from entering the larynx
3. the cricoid cartilage ( landmark for tracheotomy)- forms inferior wall of the larynx- connects the larynx and trachea
3 paired cartilages:
1. arytenoid ( * influence changes in position and tension of the vocal chords)
2. corniculate
3. cuneiform cartilages (support vocal folds& lat epiglottis)
• Larynx lining : superior to vocal folds is non-keratinized stratified epithelium
inferior to vocal folds is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium consisting of goblet cells ( produce mucus that
traps dust) – cilia move mucus toward pharynx

28
Q

The larynx function:

A

Voice Production
– The larynx contains vocal folds (true vocal cords), which produce sound
- ventricular folds (false vocal cords) found above true vocal folds cartilages

29
Q

What purpose do false vocal chords serve?

A 
The ventricular (vestibular) folds of the larynx play a greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway, breathing, and phonation (speech).
People who have had their epiglottis removed because of cancer do not choke any more than when it was present.
They have a minimal role in normal phonation, but are often used to produce deep sonorous tones in Tibetan chant and Tuvan throat singing, as well as in musical screaming and the death growl singing style used in various forms of metal. Please listen to Deicide as example. Hail Satan. MU HAHAHAHAHAHA. 3:)
30
Q

Pitch is controlled by

A

tension on vocal folds
– pulled taut by muscles= faster vibration = higher pitch
– decrease muscle tension= slower vibration= lower pitch
– male vocal folds are thicker & longer so vibrate they slower producing a lower pitch
• To increase volume, air must be pushed harder

31
Q

Speech is modified sound made by

A

the larynx.
• Speech requires pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity & sinuses to resonate that sound
• Tongue & lips form words

32
Q

Whispering is forcing air through

A

almost closed rima glottidis= no vibration
– so there is no pitch.
• Oral cavity alone forms speech

33
Q

Laryngitis is

A

an inflammation of the larynx that is usually caused by respiratory infection or irritants.
2. Cancer of the larynx is almost exclusively found in smokers.

34
Q

The trachea (windpipe) extends from

A

larynx to T5 anterior to the esophagus and then splits into primary bronchi (pl)/ bronchus (sing.) that enter the right and left lung
• Size is 5 in long & 1 in diameter

35
Q

The trachea (windpipe) is composed of

A

smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of cartilage that
keep the airway open and is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• The cilia of the epithelium sweep debris away from the lungs and back to the throat to be swallowed.
• Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells produce a moving mass of mucus.

36
Q

Layers of the Tracheal Wall

A

mucosa = pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia & goblet cells
– submucosa = loose CT & seromucous glands
– hyaline cartilage = 16 to 20 incomplete rings
• open side facing esophagus contains trachealis muscle
(smooth) and elastic connective tissue contained within the fibromuscular membrane
– adventitia= composed of loose connective tissue that binds the trachea to other tissues

37
Q

What purpose does the trachealis mm. and the CT serve?

A

solid C-shape rings provide support and maintain patency so tracheal wall does not collapse inward ( esp. during
inhalation) and obstruct the airway

38
Q

What is significant about the carina?

A

Widening or distortion usually indicates a carcinoma of the lymph nodes around the region where the trachea divides

39
Q

Pleural Cavities:

A

2 Pleural Cavities • LAYERS: Thin, double-layered serosa
– Parietal pleura on thoracic wall and superior face of
diaphragm
– Visceral pleura on external lung surface
• Pleural fluid fills the slit like pleural cavity
– Provides lubrication and surface tension

40
Q

Pleural surfaces:

A

Parietal pleura is regionally named by its relationship to the thoracic wall:
– Costal pleura: lines the inner surfaces of the ribs and
intercostal spaces
– Diaphragmatic: lines the thoracic surface of the
diaphragm
Mediastinal: lines the mediastinum, reflection of this
pleura will continues as visceral pleura
– Cervical: extends into the neck above the first rib and
covers the apex of the lung

41
Q

Open pneumothorax:

A

occurs when air enters through pleural cavity following a penetrating wound
– Air will move freely through the wound
– During inspiration, air enters through the wound and push mediastinum into the opposite side
– During expiration, air exit through the wound and
mediastinum moves back to the affected side

42
Q

Tension pneumothorax:

A

occurs when a piece of tissue covers and becomes a flap over the wound.
– During inspiration, air enters through the wound and push mediastinum into the opposite side which can compress
the lung on the other side
– During expiration, the piece of tissue will cover the
wound, preventing air from escaping. This will increase
pressure and the shift to the other side is enhanced
– Can be life threatening

43
Q

Pleural Reflections:

A

Occurs when pleura abruptly changes direction from one
wall to another
– The significance of the these recesses is that, fluid can
accumulate in them.

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