Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards
Anatomy of Respiratory System
Divided into two divisions
Upper tract organs are located outside to of the thorax and consist of the nose, pharynx and larynx.
Lower tract organs consist of trachea, bronchial tree and lungs.
Physiology of Respiratory System
The respiratory system functions as an air distributor and gas exchange, sypplying oxygen to and removing carbon dioxide from cells. The respiratory system also warms, filters, and humidifies air.
What is the primary gas exchange structures in the lungs
Alveoli are the primary gas exchange structures.
How many lobes in the left lung
Left Lung has two lobes, the superior lobe and the inferior lobes and the lobes are separated by 8 functional units
How many lobes are in the right lung
The right lung has three lobes, the superior lobe, middle lobe and inferior lobe and the lobes are separated by 10 functional units. The right lung is bigger because it has more functional units and lobes.
External Respiratory Function (Physiology)
- Pulmonary Ventilation
- Pulmonary Gas exchange
Internal Respiratory Function (Physiology)
- Systematic Tissue gas Exchange
- Cellular Respiration
Respiratory Cycles ( Ventilation; breathing). Two phases
Inspiration( breathing in) moves air into the lungs
Expiration (breathing out) moves air our of the lungs
Mechanism of Pulmonary Ventilation
The pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume at a constant temperature.
Alveolar Gas Exchange
Gas exchange with blood takes place by diffusion
The direction of diffusion of a specific gas is determined by the partial pressure gradiant
The pressure gradiant is determined by the concentration gradient
Factors affecting breathing
Sensors from the nervous system provide feedback to medullary rhythmicity center
Alveolar Ventilation
Air flow to the alveoli
Alveolar Perfusion
Blood flow to the alveoli
- The Efficiency of gas exchange can be maintained by a limited ability to match perfusion to ventilation
Which Three Chemical Levels does the body monitor in order to regulate respiratory rate
- Oxygen
-Ph
Carbondioxide
Functions of the Digestive System
- The digestive system prepares food for absorption and use by all the cells of the body
- Food material not absorbed becomes feces and is eliminated
- Digestion depends on both endocrine and exocrine secretions and the controlled movement of ingested food materials through the gastrointestinal GI tract
Path of Food through the Body (GI tract)
1) Mouth
2) Pharynx
3) Esophogus
4) Stomach
5) Small Intestine
6) Large Intestine
Functions of the Stomach
- Limited absorption
- Secretes gastric juice to aid in digestion of food
- Produces Gastrin and ghrelin
Organ in Which Majority of Absorption takes place
Small Intestine
Functions of the liver
- Production of important plasma proteins
- Storage of substances such as iron and some vitamins
- Carries out important steps in the metabolizing of proteins, fats and cargohydrates
Three accessory digestive organs and how
Liver
-Bile secretion: Bile salts are formed in the liver from cholesterol and are the most essential part of bile
Gallbladder
- Storage of Bile
- Concentration of bile fivefold to tenfold
- Ejection of the concentrated bile into duodenum
Pancreas
-Acinar units secrete digestive enzymes
Mechanism of Pulmonary Ventilation
The pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume at a constant temperature.
Alveolar Gas Exchange
Gas exchange with blood takes place by diffusion
The direction of diffusion of a specific gas is determined by the partial pressure gradiant
The pressure gradiant is determined by the concentration gradient
Factors affecting breathing
Sensors from the nervous system provide feedback to medullary rhythmicity center
Alveolar Ventilation
Air flow to the alveoli
Alveolar Perfusion
Blood flow to the alveoli
- The Efficiency of gas exchange can be maintained by a limited ability to match perfusion to ventilation
Which Three Chemical Levels does the body monitor in order to regulate respiratory rate
- Oxygen
-Ph
Carbondioxide
Functions of the Digestive System
- The digestive system prepares food for absorption and use by all the cells of the body
- Food material not absorbed becomes feces and is eliminated
- Digestion depends on both endocrine and exocrine secretions and the controlled movement of ingested food materials through the gastrointestinal GI tract
Path of Food through the Body (GI tract)
1) Mouth
2) Pharynx
3) Esophogus
4) Stomach
5) Small Intestine
6) Large Intestine
Functions of the Stomach
- Limited absorption
- Secretes gastric juice to aid in digestion of food
- Produces Gastrin and ghrelin
Organ in Which Majority of Absorption takes place
Small Intestine
Functions of the liver
- Production of important plasma proteins
- Storage of substances such as iron and some vitamins
- Carries out important steps in the metabolizing of proteins, fats and cargohydrates
Three accessory digestive organs and how
Liver
-Bile secretion: Bile salts are formed in the liver from cholesterol and are the most essential part of bile
Gallbladder
- Storage of Bile
- Concentration of bile fivefold to tenfold
- Ejection of the concentrated bile into duodenum
Pancreas
-Acinar units secrete digestive enzymes
Mechanical Digestion
- Changes ingested food from large particles to small particles to facilitate chemical digestion
- propels food along digestive tract
- Eliminates digestive waste from the body
Mastication
- Reduces the size of the food particles
- Mixes the food with Saliva in preparation for swallowing
Peristalsis
A wavelike ripple of the muscle layer of a hollow organ that produces forward movement of matter along the GI tract
Segmentation
Digestive reflexes causes a back and forth movement within a single segment of the GI tract
Chemical Digestion
Involves changes in the chemical composition of food as it travels through the digestive tract
-breakdown of large molecules into small molecules
These changes are the result of hydrolysis
Necessary Chemical for Digestion
H2O
Why does pancreatic juice contain bicarbonate?
Sodium bicarbonate increases the pH for optimal enzyme function, its manufacture also helps restore normal pH of blood.
How does absorbed food travels to the liver portal system?
Once absorbed, it travels to the liver via the portal system
Process of Absorption
- The absorption of nutrients is by the passage of substances through intestinal mucosa into blood or lymph
- Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine
