Respiratory - Anatomy Flashcards
club cells
*non-ciliated cells in the bronchioles of the lungs
*low columnar/cuboidal with secretory granules
*degrade toxins via cytochrome P-450
*secrete a component of surfactant
*progenitor cells for club and ciliated cells
type I pneumocytes
*one of the alveolar cell types
*squamous epithelium
*compose 97% of alveolar surfaces
*thinly line the alveoli for optimal gas exchange
type II pneumocytes
*one of the alveolar cell types
*cuboidal & clustered
*2 functions:
1. serve as stem cell precursors for type I and type II pneumocytes
2. SECRETE SURFACTANT from lamellar bodies
surfactant
*a lipid rich molecule composed of mutliple lecithins, mainly DPCC
*DECREASES ALVEOLAR SURFACE TENSION, preventing alveolar collapse during exhalation
*primarily secreted by type II pneumocytes in the alveoli
alveolar macrophages
*phagocytose foreign materials
*release cytokines and alveolar proteases
conducting zone of the respiratory tree - composition
*large airways consist of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
*airway resistance highest in the large-to-medium sized bronchi
*small airways consist of bronchioles that further divide into terminal bronchioles
*cartilage and goblet cells extend to the end of bronchi
conducting zone of the respiratory tree - function
*warms, humidifies, and filters air but does NOT participate in gas exchange
*aka the “anatomic dead space”
conducting zone of the respiratory tree - microanatomy
*pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells primarily make up epithelium of bronchus and extend to beginning of terminal bronchioles, then transition to cuboidal cells
*clear mucus and debris from the lungs (mucociliary escalator)
*airway smooth muscle cells extend to end of terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone of the respiratory tree - composition
*lung parenchyma: consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
respiratory zone of the respiratory tree - function
*participates in GAS EXCHANGE
respiratory zone of the respiratory tree - microanatomy
*mostly cuboidal cells in respiratory bronchioles
*simple squamous cells in alveolar ducts and alveoli
*cilia terminate in the respiratory bronchioles
*alveolar macrophages clear debris and participate in immune response
lung anatomy - RIGHT lung
*3 lobes (upper, middle, lower)
*wider, longer, and more vertical main stem bronchus compared to the left lung, therefore you are more likely to ASPIRATE SOMETHING into the R lung
lung anatomy - LEFT lung
*2 lobes (upper and lower) + LINGULA
*smaller and more horizontal mainstem bronchus; therefore, less likely to aspirate something into left lung
anatomical relationship between pulmonary arteries and bronchi
*RALS: right anterior, left superior
*carina is posterior to ascending aorta and anteromedial to descending aorta
