Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Below what arterial oxygen saturation level is central cyanosis usually visible?

A

<90% if normal Hb level

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2
Q

Common causes of dry cough?

A
Asthma
Lung cancer
ILD
LVF
Medications (ACEI)
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3
Q

Causes of stridor?

A

Obstruction of extra-thoracic airways

  • foreign body
  • epiglottitis
  • tumour
  • inflammation
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4
Q

Respiratory causes of clubbing?

A

IPF
Lung cancer
Bronchiectasis / CF

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5
Q

What is Horner’s Syndrome?

What is relevance for Resp exam?

A

Ptosis
Meiosis
Anhydrosis

Can be due to Pancoast lung carcinoma with compression of sympathetic nerves in neck

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6
Q

Cause of tracheal tug?

A

Airflow obstruction with lung hyperexpansion

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7
Q

Causes of asymmetrical reduced chest expansion?

A
Consolidation
Collapse 
Effusion
PTx
Fibrosis
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8
Q

Causes of bilateral reduced chest expansion?

A
COPD 
Restrictive lung disease 
- ILD
- Obesity
- kyphoscoliosis
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9
Q

Where should liver dullness to percussion usually begin?

A

5th rib midclavicular line

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10
Q

Causes of bronchial breath sounds?

A

Consolidation from infection or tumour
Collapse
Above effusion

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11
Q

Causes of reduced intensity of breath sounds?

A

COPD
Effusion
Collapse
PTx

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12
Q

Consolidation = clinical findings?

A

Palpation -> reduced chest expansion on affected side
Percussion -> dullness locally
Auscultation -> coarse inspiratory crackles locally / bronchial breath sounds
Vocal resonance -> increased

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13
Q

Lung collapse = clinical findings?

A

Trachea -> deviated towards collapse
Palpation -> reduced chest expansion on affected side
Percussion -> dull locally
Auscultation -> reduced breath sounds, crackles that clear with coughing

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14
Q

Pleural effusion = clinical findings?

A

Trachea -> if large can be deviated away
Palpation -> reduced chest expansion on affected side
Percussion -> stony dull locally
Auscultation -> reduced breath sounds, crackles above
Vocal resonance -> reduced

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15
Q

How can you differentiate between transudate and exudate?

A

Light’s criteria =

  • Pleural fluid protein to serum protein ratio >0.5
  • Pleural fluid LDH to serum LDH ratio >0.6
  • Pleural fluid level >2/3 of upper value for serum LDH
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16
Q

What are causes of pleural effusion?

A

Exudate (High protein).

  • Malignancy
  • Infection
  • Autoimmune / inflammatory
  • Infarction

Transudate (Low protein <30g)

  • CCF
  • Liver cirrhosis / ascites
  • Nephrotic syndrome / CKD
  • Myxoedema
17
Q

ILD = clinical findings?

A

General -> clubbing, CTD features
Palpation -> reduced chest expansion bilat
Percussion -> normal
Auscultation -> fine late-inspiratory crackles in affected zones

18
Q

Causes of ILD -> upper lobes?

A

Upper = SCHART

  • Silicosis / sarcoid
  • Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
  • Histiocytosis
  • Ank spond / ABPA
  • Radiotherapy
  • TB
19
Q

Drugs which cause ILD?

A

Methotrexate
Bleomycin
Nitrofurantoin
Amiodarone

20
Q

How many ribs should be seen in a normal CXR?

A

Up to 6 anterior

Up to 10 posterior

21
Q

Causes of ILD -> lower lobes?

A

Lower = BRASID

  • Bronchiectasis
  • RA
  • Asbestosis
  • Systemic sclerosis
  • IPF
  • Drugs