Respiratory

Question 1

Causes of transudative pleural effusion

Answer 1

Cardiac failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Liver failure 
Meig’s syndrome (Ovarian fibroma and pleural effusion)
Hypothyroidism

Question 2

Causes of exudative pleural effusion

Answer 2

Pneumonia
Neoplasm – lung carcinoma, metastatic carcinoma, mesothelioma 
TB
Sarcoidosis
Pulmonary infarction 
Subphrenic abscess
Pancreatitis 
Connective tissue disease (RA, SLE)
Drugs – nitrofurantoin, drugs inducing lupus
Radiation

Question 3

Respiratory causes of clubbing

Answer 3

Lung carcinoma
Chronic pulmonary suppuration (bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, lung abscess, empyema)
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Mesothelioma
Mediastinal disease (Thymoma, lymphoma, carcinoma)

Question 4

Causes of bronchial breath sounds:

Answer 4

Lobar pneumonia
Localised fibrosis or collapse
Above a pleural effusion
Large lung cavity

Question 5

Causes of reduced breath sounds:

Answer 5

Emphysema
Large lung mass
Collapse, fibrosis
Effusion
Pneumothorax

Question 6

Common signs of ILD

Answer 6

Dry cough
Crackles
Clubbing

Question 7

Common signs of Bronchiectasis

Answer 7

Loose cough
Full sputum mug
Coarse crackles and wheezes
Clubbing

Question 8

Common signs of COPD

Answer 8

Overinflated chest
Possible cyanosis
Pursed lip breathing
Reduced breath sounds and wheezes, Hoovers sign

Question 9

Common signs of pleural effusion

Answer 9

Stony dullness
Bronchial breathing on top
Needle marks from previous aspirations

Question 10

Common signs of treated carcinoma

Answer 10

Sometimes clubbing
Scar
Radiotherapy marks
Signs of effusion or collapse 
Lymph nodes

Question 11

X-ray changes in sarcoidosis

Answer 11

Symmetric hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Pulmonary fibrosis
Peri-lymphatic micronodules
Airspace opacities/consolidation (less common)
Pleural effusion (usually small)