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Respiratory Physiology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Right lungs has ___ lobes, left lung has ____

A

3 and 2

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2
Q

windpipe

A

Trachea

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3
Q

Back part of the mouth

A

Pharynx

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4
Q

____ are the first airway branches off to the trachea

A

Primary Bronchi

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5
Q

____ are the smallest branches off of the bronchi

A

Bronchioles

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6
Q

Airways serve three major functions for the body:

A

1) Warm air up to body temperature (~37°C).
2) Humidify air (add water vapor).
3) Filter foreign material out.

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7
Q

_____ line airways of the lungs.

A

Ciliated Epithelial Cells

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8
Q

_____ have reduced capability to produce mucus—their mucus is thick and dry. This mucus
clogs their airways and prevents them from clearing foreign material effectively.

A

Cystic fibrosis

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9
Q

___ is the inside of the chest—from the neck to the

diaphragm.

A

Thoracic Cavity

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10
Q

___ is a sheet of skeletal muscle that separates the

thoracic and abdominal cavities.

A

Diaphragm

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11
Q

_____ is a small, thin fluid-filled space between the lungs and the ribcage.

A

Pleural Cavity

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12
Q

a is pleural membrane contacting lungs.

A

Visceral Pleura

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13
Q

_____ is pleural membrane contacting ribs.

A

Parietal Pleura

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14
Q

functions of pleural cavity?

A
  • Generates surface tension, keeping lungs close to
    chest wall.
  • Acts as lubricant, letting lung slide smoothly across ribcage
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15
Q

P1V1=P2V2

A

Boyle’s Law

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16
Q

during ___ , the volume of the thoracic cavity increases while the pressure decreases

A

inhalation

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17
Q

during ___, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases while the pressure increases

A

exhalation

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18
Q

______ inhalation

A

inspiration

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19
Q

Inspiration is an active process—requires the use of

A

skeletal muscles

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20
Q

_________ is a sheet of muscle between thoracic and abdominal cavities.

A

diaphragm

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21
Q

__________ are muscles between ribs

A

external intercoastal

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22
Q

_______ are big bands of muscles in the neck that connect to the clavicles and sternum

A

sternocleoidomastoids

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23
Q

=Exhaling—moving air from lungs→outside.

A

expiration

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24
Q

oriented such that contraction causes them to pull ribcage down and in→↓Volume in thoracic cavity

A

Internal intercostals

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25
Q

-When contract, they push abdominal contents (your guts) against diaphragm up into thoracic cavity

A

Abdominals

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26
Q

Refers to the lungs ability to stretch

A

Compliance

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27
Q

y refers to the lungs’ ability to return to their original shape after stretching

A

Elasticity

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28
Q

↑Elasticity→↓

A

compliance

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29
Q

Restrictive lung diseases increase “stiffness” of tissue→↓

A

compliance

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30
Q

Emphysema causes ↓____.

A

Elasticity

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31
Q

R= 8nl/pie x r^ 4

A

Poiseuille’s Law

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32
Q

____ is when bronchiolar smooth muscle contracts→↓radius→↑resistance.

A

Bronchoconstriction

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33
Q

is when bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxes→↑radius→↓resistance

A

Bronchodilation

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34
Q

is attractive force across a thin layer of liquid

A

surface tension

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35
Q

P=2T/r ( lets you calculate pressure within an alveolus as a result of surface tension)

A

Law of LaPlace

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36
Q

P=2T/r

A

P=Pressure in alveolus
T=Surface Tension
r=radius of alveolus

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37
Q

↓Radius→↑

A

Pressure in Alveolus

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38
Q

is a substance secreted by some alveolar cells.

A

surfactant

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39
Q

___ is a type of lung testing where the patient does a series of breathing exercises—breathe normally,
expire as much as possible, inspire as much as possible, etc.—to assess lung function.

A

Lung Spirometry

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40
Q

___ are amounts of air moved (inspired or expired) during different segments/types of breathing.

A

Volumes

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41
Q

____ are combinations of 2+ volumes.

A

capacities

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42
Q

4 types of lung volumes?

A

Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume

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43
Q

Volume moved during normal/resting inspiration or expiration.

A

Tidal Volume

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44
Q

Extra volume that can be inspired after normal inspiration.

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

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45
Q

Extra volume that can be expired after normal expiration

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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46
Q

Volume that’s still left in lungs after forceful, maximal expiration.

A

Residual Volume

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47
Q

Four lung capacity

A

Total lung Capacity, Vital Capacity, functional residual capacity, and inspiratory capacity

48
Q

Maximum volume lungs can hold.

A

Total Lung Capacity

49
Q

Maximum volume that can actually be moved with one breath.

A

Vital Capacity

50
Q

Volume left in lungs after normal expiration.

A

Functional Residual Capacity

51
Q

Maximum volume that can be inspired following normal expiration

A

Inspiratory Capacity

52
Q

Volume of air moved into and out of lungs every minute.

A

Total Pulmonary Ventilation (aka: Minute Ventilation)

53
Q

Total Pulmonary Ventilation (mL/min)=

A

Respiratory Rate (breaths/min) × Tidal Volume (mL/breath)

54
Q

e is the portion of lung volume that doesn’t allow for exchange of gases between lungs and blood.

A

Anatomic Dead Space

55
Q

Volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli every minute (accounting for anatomic dead space).

A

Alveolar Ventilation

56
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (mL/min)=

A

Respiratory Rate (breaths/min) × (VT-Anatomic Dead Space)

57
Q

is breathing less than normal so that CO2 accumulates

A

Hypoventilation

58
Q

is breathing more than normal so that more CO2 than usual is cleared from the body

A

Hyperventilation

59
Q

is the force of a fluid (liquid or gas) pushing against the walls of its container

A

pressure

60
Q

says that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of each individual gas.

A

dalton law

61
Q

_________ of a gas is the pressure that individual gas contributes to the whole mixture

A

partial pressure

62
Q

□ More of one gas in a mixture→higher_____

A

partial pressure for that gas

63
Q

Partial pressure is determined by molecular weight

A

FALSE; PP is determined by straight proportion

64
Q

___ how quickly diffusion happens—is affected by a handful of variables.

A

diffusion rate

65
Q

diffusion rate is inversely proportional to ___, and proportional to:________

A

distance. surface area, concentration, permeability

66
Q

_____ causes destruction of alveoli→↓Surface Area→↓Diffusion Rate.

A

Emphysema

67
Q

____ is accumulation of fluid between alveoli and blood. ↑Diffusion Distance→↓Diffusion Rate.

A

Pulmonary Edema

68
Q

In healthy lungs, diffusion is so fast that ____by the time blood is ~20-30% through the capillary

A

PO2,alveoli=PO2,capillary

69
Q

Two important variables determine how much gas exchange can happen in the lungs.

A

V= Ventilation and Q= Perfusion

70
Q

____ Ratio is the ratio of ventilation to perfusion

A

V/Q

71
Q

is the amount of air arriving to a given region of lung (i.e. the alveolar ventilation at a region)

A

Ventilation

72
Q

is the amount of blood being delivered to those specific alveoli.

A

Perfusion

73
Q

are a change in V or Q cause a change in V/Q ratio.

A

Ventilation-Perfusion Mis-Matches

74
Q

is a region with ventilation but no alveolar blood flow (V/Q→∞)

A

Dead Space

75
Q

is a region with blood flow but no ventilation (V/Q=0)

A

Shunt

76
Q

□ ↓PO2,alveoli→___________→↓Q in that region.

A

Vasoconstriction

77
Q

A decrease in ventilation leads to vasoconstriction, ______ as well.

A

reducing perfusion

78
Q

_____ has an effect on both V ( Ventilation increases slowly) and Q ( increases more dramatically)

A

Gravity

79
Q

Both V and Q increase from _____

A

top to bottom,

80
Q

s a nonpolar gas—not very soluble in aqueous blood plasma.

A

Oxygen

81
Q

is the protein contained within red blood cells (RBCs) that bind and carry O2.

A

Hemoglobin

82
Q

The binding of hemoglobin is Reversible/Irreversible t Oxygen

A

Reversible

83
Q

Structure of hemoglobin?

A

Four Subunits: each with Fe+ based center ( aka: heme)

84
Q

show percent saturation of Hb in blood at different PO2 in the blood.

A

Oxyhemoglobin Saturation Curves

85
Q

Hb has _______ binding—binding of one O2 makes binding of next three “easier.”

A

cooperative

86
Q

In high PO2 of lungs, Hb ____

A

picks up O2 and binds it tightly.

87
Q

In lower PO2 of tissues, Hb______

A

unbinds O2, releasing O2 to cells that need it.

88
Q

Hb in fetuses binds to O2 more tightly than Hb in adults and shows up on graph as ____.

A

Shows up as a leftward/upward shift in the saturation curve for fetal Hb.

89
Q

Hb in fetuses binds to O2 more tightly than Hb in adults. This is an advantage cz____

A

Lets mother’s Hb give up O2 to the fetus, thereby oxygenating fetus’s blood.

90
Q

Factors that decrease Hb affinity

A

INCREASED temperatures, INCREASED 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (by-product of glycolysis), INCREASED H+ Concentration (ie. high-production of lactic acid during exercise), INCREASED Partial pressure of CO2 (ie. exercising tissues). BOHR EFFECT+ INCREASED P02+ decreased PH= ↓Hb Affinity

91
Q

Factors that increase Hb affinity

A

↓Temp, ↓2,3-DPG, etc.—cause ↑Hb Affinity

92
Q

CO2 is carried in the blood in three different ways

A

1) Dissolved CO2 in the plasma (~7%).
2) As carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2) bound to hemoglobin (~23%).
3) As Bicarbonate (HCO3-) dissolved in the blood plasma (~70%).

93
Q

How to generate HCO3- from CO2 in venous blood

A

1) CO2 diffuses into red blood cell.
2) In RBC, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes H2O+CO2⇋H2CO3.
3) H2CO3 deprotonates: H2CO3⇋H++HCO3
-
.
4) HCO3
- pumped out of RBC into plasma by HCO3
-
/Cl- Exchanger

94
Q

Where does this take place: HCO3
brought into RBC in exchange for Cl-
, protonated, H2CO3 decomposes to H2O+CO2, CO2 diffuses out.

A

Lungs

95
Q

The _______ refers to changes in [Cl-) plasma (or [Cl-
]RBC cytosol) because of HCO3
-/Cl- Exchanger activity

A

Chloride Shift

96
Q

-↑PCO2→↑HCO3
- made in RBCs→↑HCO3
- pumped out of RBCs→↑Cl- brought in to RBCs→↓[Cl-
]plasma.

A

Chloride shift

97
Q

In __________, RBCs bring HCO3
- back in to remake CO2 so it can be exhaled. From pulmonary
capillaries→ systemic capillaries:

A

pulmonary capillaries

98
Q

are sensory neurons specialized to sense levels of chemical in the blood

A

Chemoreceptor

99
Q

Chemoreceptors senses 3 important variables

A

CO2, PH, and O2

100
Q

Variables that signal a need to breathe more

A

Low ventilation = Due to high Pco2
low ventilation = Due to low Po2
Low PH= due to high levels of CO2 & may also come from cells making lactic acid during anaerobic metabolism

101
Q

3 types of chemoreceptors

A
  • Peripheral Chemoreceptors = Aortic Arch and Carotid Sinus monitor CO2,PH,O2 in blood.
  • Central Chemoreceptors = in the medulla
102
Q

Inspiration is an active process controlled by:

A

Skeletal Muscle- primarily in diaphrgam and external intercostals

103
Q

Skeletal Muscles require activation by:____

A

Motor Neuron

104
Q

____- nerves hold axons of motor neurons that control the diaphragm

A

Phrenic

105
Q

Rhythmic breathing is caused by bursts of APs

A

BURST AP= CONTRACTION= INSPIRATION

106
Q

Dorsal respiratory Group (DRG)

A

directly controls inspiration.

107
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

A

contains the pre-Botzinger

Complex ( responsible of having pacemaker neurons that set basic respiratory rythm

108
Q

Where are the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) and Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) found?

A

medulla of the brain

109
Q

name 2 centres found in the pons

A
  • Apneustic centre

- Pneumotaxic Centre

110
Q
  • Apneustic centre role?
A

Promotes inspiration

111
Q
  • Pneumotaxic Centre role?
A

inhibits inspiration and promotes expiration

112
Q

Hypercapnic drive

A

Most people’s respirations are driven by ↑PCO2 (and ↓pH).

113
Q

T/F: PO2 doesnt change dramatically enough in day-to-day life to change chemoreceptors activity

A

TRUE

114
Q

2 related effects of increased chemorecptors activity on ventilation rythm:

A

increased rate and rythm

115
Q

____ is how often a breath is taken (breaths/min).

A

Rate

116
Q

___ is How much air is inspired or expired (tidal volume)(mL/breath).

A

Depth

Respiratory Physiology (1 decks)

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