Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
Right lungs has ___ lobes, left lung has ____
A
3 and 2
2
Q
windpipe
A
Trachea
3
Q
Back part of the mouth
A
Pharynx
4
Q
____ are the first airway branches off to the trachea
A
Primary Bronchi
5
Q
____ are the smallest branches off of the bronchi
A
Bronchioles
6
Q
Airways serve three major functions for the body:
A
1) Warm air up to body temperature (~37°C).
2) Humidify air (add water vapor).
3) Filter foreign material out.
7
Q
_____ line airways of the lungs.
A
Ciliated Epithelial Cells
8
Q
_____ have reduced capability to produce mucus—their mucus is thick and dry. This mucus
clogs their airways and prevents them from clearing foreign material effectively.
A
Cystic fibrosis
9
Q
___ is the inside of the chest—from the neck to the
diaphragm.
A
Thoracic Cavity
10
Q
___ is a sheet of skeletal muscle that separates the
thoracic and abdominal cavities.
A
Diaphragm
11
Q
_____ is a small, thin fluid-filled space between the lungs and the ribcage.
A
Pleural Cavity
12
Q
a is pleural membrane contacting lungs.
A
Visceral Pleura
13
Q
_____ is pleural membrane contacting ribs.
A
Parietal Pleura
14
Q
functions of pleural cavity?
A
- Generates surface tension, keeping lungs close to
chest wall. - Acts as lubricant, letting lung slide smoothly across ribcage
15
Q
P1V1=P2V2
A
Boyle’s Law
16
Q
during ___ , the volume of the thoracic cavity increases while the pressure decreases
A
inhalation
17
Q
during ___, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases while the pressure increases
A
exhalation
18
Q
______ inhalation
A
inspiration
19
Q
Inspiration is an active process—requires the use of
A
skeletal muscles
20
Q
_________ is a sheet of muscle between thoracic and abdominal cavities.
A
diaphragm
21
Q
__________ are muscles between ribs
A
external intercoastal
22
Q
_______ are big bands of muscles in the neck that connect to the clavicles and sternum
A
sternocleoidomastoids
23
Q
=Exhaling—moving air from lungs→outside.
A
expiration
24
Q
oriented such that contraction causes them to pull ribcage down and in→↓Volume in thoracic cavity
A
Internal intercostals
25
-When contract, they push abdominal contents (your guts) against diaphragm up into thoracic cavity
Abdominals
26
Refers to the lungs ability to stretch
Compliance
27
y refers to the lungs’ ability to return to their original shape after stretching
Elasticity
28
↑Elasticity→↓
compliance
29
Restrictive lung diseases increase “stiffness” of tissue→↓
compliance
30
Emphysema causes ↓____.
Elasticity
31
R= 8nl/pie x r^ 4
Poiseuille’s Law
32
____ is when bronchiolar smooth muscle contracts→↓radius→↑resistance.
Bronchoconstriction
33
is when bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxes→↑radius→↓resistance
Bronchodilation
34
is attractive force across a thin layer of liquid
surface tension
35
P=2T/r ( lets you calculate pressure within an alveolus as a result of surface tension)
Law of LaPlace
36
P=2T/r
P=Pressure in alveolus
T=Surface Tension
r=radius of alveolus
37
↓Radius→↑
Pressure in Alveolus
38
is a substance secreted by some alveolar cells.
surfactant
39
___ is a type of lung testing where the patient does a series of breathing exercises—breathe normally,
expire as much as possible, inspire as much as possible, etc.—to assess lung function.
Lung Spirometry
40
___ are amounts of air moved (inspired or expired) during different segments/types of breathing.
Volumes
41
____ are combinations of 2+ volumes.
capacities
42
4 types of lung volumes?
Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume
43
Volume moved during normal/resting inspiration or expiration.
Tidal Volume
44
Extra volume that can be inspired after normal inspiration.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
45
Extra volume that can be expired after normal expiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume
46
Volume that’s still left in lungs after forceful, maximal expiration.
Residual Volume
47
Four lung capacity
Total lung Capacity, Vital Capacity, functional residual capacity, and inspiratory capacity
48
Maximum volume lungs can hold.
Total Lung Capacity
49
Maximum volume that can actually be moved with one breath.
Vital Capacity
50
Volume left in lungs after normal expiration.
Functional Residual Capacity
51
Maximum volume that can be inspired following normal expiration
Inspiratory Capacity
52
Volume of air moved into and out of lungs every minute.
Total Pulmonary Ventilation (aka: Minute Ventilation)
53
Total Pulmonary Ventilation (mL/min)=
Respiratory Rate (breaths/min) × Tidal Volume (mL/breath)
54
e is the portion of lung volume that doesn’t allow for exchange of gases between lungs and blood.
Anatomic Dead Space
55
Volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli every minute (accounting for anatomic dead space).
Alveolar Ventilation
56
Alveolar Ventilation (mL/min)=
Respiratory Rate (breaths/min) × (VT-Anatomic Dead Space)
57
is breathing less than normal so that CO2 accumulates
Hypoventilation
58
is breathing more than normal so that more CO2 than usual is cleared from the body
Hyperventilation
59
is the force of a fluid (liquid or gas) pushing against the walls of its container
pressure
60
says that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of each individual gas.
dalton law
61
_________ of a gas is the pressure that individual gas contributes to the whole mixture
partial pressure
62
□ More of one gas in a mixture→higher_____
partial pressure for that gas
63
Partial pressure is determined by molecular weight
FALSE; PP is determined by straight proportion
64
___ how quickly diffusion happens—is affected by a handful of variables.
diffusion rate
65
diffusion rate is inversely proportional to ___, and proportional to:________
distance. surface area, concentration, permeability
66
_____ causes destruction of alveoli→↓Surface Area→↓Diffusion Rate.
Emphysema
67
____ is accumulation of fluid between alveoli and blood. ↑Diffusion Distance→↓Diffusion Rate.
Pulmonary Edema
68
In healthy lungs, diffusion is so fast that ____by the time blood is ~20-30% through the capillary
PO2,alveoli=PO2,capillary
69
Two important variables determine how much gas exchange can happen in the lungs.
V= Ventilation and Q= Perfusion
70
____ Ratio is the ratio of ventilation to perfusion
V/Q
71
is the amount of air arriving to a given region of lung (i.e. the alveolar ventilation at a region)
Ventilation
72
is the amount of blood being delivered to those specific alveoli.
Perfusion
73
are a change in V or Q cause a change in V/Q ratio.
Ventilation-Perfusion Mis-Matches
74
is a region with ventilation but no alveolar blood flow (V/Q→∞)
Dead Space
75
is a region with blood flow but no ventilation (V/Q=0)
Shunt
76
□ ↓PO2,alveoli→___________→↓Q in that region.
Vasoconstriction
77
A decrease in ventilation leads to vasoconstriction, ______ as well.
reducing perfusion
78
_____ has an effect on both V ( Ventilation increases slowly) and Q ( increases more dramatically)
Gravity
79
Both V and Q increase from _____
top to bottom,
80
s a nonpolar gas—not very soluble in aqueous blood plasma.
Oxygen
81
is the protein contained within red blood cells (RBCs) that bind and carry O2.
Hemoglobin
82
The binding of hemoglobin is Reversible/Irreversible t Oxygen
Reversible
83
Structure of hemoglobin?
Four Subunits: each with Fe+ based center ( aka: heme)
84
show percent saturation of Hb in blood at different PO2 in the blood.
Oxyhemoglobin Saturation Curves
85
Hb has _______ binding—binding of one O2 makes binding of next three “easier.”
cooperative
86
In high PO2 of lungs, Hb ____
picks up O2 and binds it tightly.
87
In lower PO2 of tissues, Hb______
unbinds O2, releasing O2 to cells that need it.
88
Hb in fetuses binds to O2 more tightly than Hb in adults and shows up on graph as ____.
Shows up as a leftward/upward shift in the saturation curve for fetal Hb.
89
Hb in fetuses binds to O2 more tightly than Hb in adults. This is an advantage cz____
Lets mother’s Hb give up O2 to the fetus, thereby oxygenating fetus’s blood.
90
Factors that decrease Hb affinity
INCREASED temperatures, INCREASED 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (by-product of glycolysis), INCREASED H+ Concentration (ie. high-production of lactic acid during exercise), INCREASED Partial pressure of CO2 (ie. exercising tissues). BOHR EFFECT+ INCREASED P02+ decreased PH= ↓Hb Affinity
91
Factors that increase Hb affinity
↓Temp, ↓2,3-DPG, etc.—cause ↑Hb Affinity
92
CO2 is carried in the blood in three different ways
1) Dissolved CO2 in the plasma (~7%).
2) As carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2) bound to hemoglobin (~23%).
3) As Bicarbonate (HCO3-) dissolved in the blood plasma (~70%).
93
How to generate HCO3- from CO2 in venous blood
1) CO2 diffuses into red blood cell.
2) In RBC, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes H2O+CO2⇋H2CO3.
3) H2CO3 deprotonates: H2CO3⇋H++HCO3
-
.
4) HCO3
- pumped out of RBC into plasma by HCO3
-
/Cl- Exchanger
94
Where does this take place: HCO3
brought into RBC in exchange for Cl-
, protonated, H2CO3 decomposes to H2O+CO2, CO2 diffuses out.
Lungs
95
The _______ refers to changes in [Cl-) plasma (or [Cl-
]RBC cytosol) because of HCO3
-/Cl- Exchanger activity
Chloride Shift
96
-↑PCO2→↑HCO3
- made in RBCs→↑HCO3
- pumped out of RBCs→↑Cl- brought in to RBCs→↓[Cl-
]plasma.
Chloride shift
97
In __________, RBCs bring HCO3
- back in to remake CO2 so it can be exhaled. From pulmonary
capillaries→ systemic capillaries:
pulmonary capillaries
98
are sensory neurons specialized to sense levels of chemical in the blood
Chemoreceptor
99
Chemoreceptors senses 3 important variables
CO2, PH, and O2
100
Variables that signal a need to breathe more
Low ventilation = Due to high Pco2
low ventilation = Due to low Po2
Low PH= due to high levels of CO2 & may also come from cells making lactic acid during anaerobic metabolism
101
3 types of chemoreceptors
- Peripheral Chemoreceptors = Aortic Arch and Carotid Sinus monitor CO2,PH,O2 in blood.
- Central Chemoreceptors = in the medulla
102
Inspiration is an active process controlled by:
Skeletal Muscle- primarily in diaphrgam and external intercostals
103
Skeletal Muscles require activation by:____
Motor Neuron
104
____- nerves hold axons of motor neurons that control the diaphragm
Phrenic
105
Rhythmic breathing is caused by bursts of APs
BURST AP= CONTRACTION= INSPIRATION
106
Dorsal respiratory Group (DRG)
directly controls inspiration.
107
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
contains the pre-Botzinger
| Complex ( responsible of having pacemaker neurons that set basic respiratory rythm
108
Where are the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) and Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) found?
medulla of the brain
109
name 2 centres found in the pons
- Apneustic centre
| - Pneumotaxic Centre
110
- Apneustic centre role?
Promotes inspiration
111
- Pneumotaxic Centre role?
inhibits inspiration and promotes expiration
112
Hypercapnic drive
Most people’s respirations are driven by ↑PCO2 (and ↓pH).
113
T/F: PO2 doesnt change dramatically enough in day-to-day life to change chemoreceptors activity
TRUE
114
2 related effects of increased chemorecptors activity on ventilation rythm:
increased rate and rythm
115
____ is how often a breath is taken (breaths/min).
Rate
116
___ is How much air is inspired or expired (tidal volume)(mL/breath).
Depth
