Respiratory

Question 1

Causes of reduced TLCO/DLCO?

Answer 1

Pulmonary Emboli
Obstructive lung disease
Parenchymal disease
Anaemia
Pulmonary hypertension
Valsalva

Question 2

Causes of elevated TLCO/DLCO?

Answer 2

Exercise, 
Polycythemia, 
Left-to-Right shunt, 
Obesity 
Asthma, 
Pregnancy, 
Pulmonary haemorrhage

Question 3

Causes of Left shift in O2 dissociation curve? What happens to O2 binding and dissociation to tissue?

Answer 3

Left shift means takes less pO2 to bind O2 to Hb (O2 binds to Hb easier), but dissociates into tissue less easily.
Causes: Low CO2, Alkalaemia, reduced DPG2,3, reduced temperature

Question 4

Causes of Right shift in O2 dissociation curve? What happens to O2 binding and dissociation to tissue?

Answer 4

Right shift = takes a greater pO2 to bind O2 to Hb (ie harder to bind O2), but easier to dissociate into tissue
Causes: Increased temperature, acidosis, increased DPG2,3, elevated CO2, exercise

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT asscociaed with COPD: Smoking, alpha-1-antitrypsin def, coal, cadmium, grain, cement, isocyanates, cotton?

Answer 5

Isocyanates (causes asthma instead)