respiratory

Question 1

vertebra where larynx becomes trachea, and pharynx becomes oesophagus?

Answer 1

at the level of C6

Question 2

which region type gets its own blood/lymphatics/nerve?

Answer 2

bronchopulmonary segment and their respective lobes

Question 3

the skeleton components of larynx?

Answer 3

epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and 2x arytenoid cartilage.

Question 4

the entrance to the larynx called?

Answer 4

laryngeal inlet

Question 5

from a superior view, what is the narrowest structure of larynx, with the two components?

Answer 5

glottis (uncertain), and it is composed of rima glottidis (opening) and vocal cords

Question 6

list ribs types and numbers?

Answer 6

1-7 real, 8-10 false, 11-12 floating

Question 7

sternal angle level

Answer 7

rib 2

Question 8

type of cartilage in sternocostal joints?

Answer 8

synovial

Question 9

describe in detail the rib and its articulations?

Answer 9

head: body of the vertebra
neck
rib tubercle: transverse process of vertebra
shaft/body
rib angle (shaft slightly changes)
the costal groove (inferiorly deep in costal ribs)

Question 10

list the main intercostal muscles from superficial to deep:

Answer 10

external
internal
innermost

Question 11

what part of the thyroid is anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4?

Answer 11

isthmus

Question 12

breast tissue main function?

Answer 12

lactation

Question 13

viscera meaning?

Answer 13

vital organs

Question 14

where does the intercostal neuro-vascular bundle lie between?

Answer 14

internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers

Question 15

nerve supply from which rami for intercostal spaces

Answer 15

anterior ramus (ventral)

Question 16

blood supply of intercostal structures?

Answer 16

posterior:
thoracic aorta
azygous vein

anterior:
Internal thoracic artery, internal thoracic vein both run along the sternum and originate from subclavian

Question 17

diaphragm nerve supply?

Answer 17

c3-5 anterior rami and runs above lateral heart aspects (supplies fibrous pericardium)

Question 18

diaphragm attachment to which bones?

Answer 18

L1-L3 bodies, sternum, lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages

Question 19

what is a costal margin?

Answer 19

it is the two imaginary lines drawn in a diagonal way for the inferior parts of the anterior chest.

Question 20

where does the breast tissues drain (lymph)?

Answer 20

medial quadrants parasternal nodes

lateral quadrants axillary nodes

Question 21

what is the delto-pectoral groove and what major structure passes through it?

Answer 21

between the deltoid and pactoralis major, and cephalic vein passes through it.

Question 22

what are the muscles in the anteriolateral chest wall?

Answer 22

serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve c5-c7, when paralysis--> winged scapula) goes like the exam of chest expansion
latissimus dorsi, goes like a line in the axillary area

Question 23

a muscle attached to scapula and runs along neck?

Answer 23

scalenus anterior, posterior and medius

Question 24

nerve supplement of brachial muscles

Answer 24

brachial plexus c5-c8 and T1

Question 25

what are the anterior intercostal arteries and veins arise from and where are they?

Answer 25

they arise from the internal thoracic branches, and run around the cage through the intercostal spaces

Question 26

what is the costdiaphramtic recess (costophrenic)?

Answer 26

it is a space in the pleural cavity in the most inferiolateral part.

Question 27

what is the costophrenic angle? and why is it important?

Answer 27

it is the most inferiolateral part of the costophrenic recess. usually the place where haemothorax or pleural effusion liquids will show up on CXR

Question 28

parietal pleura regions?

Answer 28

cervical, costal, medistinal, diaphragmtic

Question 29

what structures are in the root of lung?

Answer 29

main bronchus, a pulmonary artery, and 2 pulmonary veins. also, lymphatics, visecral afferents, sym. nerves and parasym. nerves

Question 30

what is the inferior part of the upper lobe?

Answer 30

lingula

Question 31

anatomical markers for ascultaion?

Answer 31

apex of lungs, superior to medial 1/3 of calvicule middle lobe, ribs 2-4 in mid calvicular (horizontal fissure at rib 4, and oblique fissure rib 6 and goes laterally to t3 base: at scabular line T11

Question 32

what are the main stages of coughing?

Answer 32

stimulation of sensory receptors coordination by CNS of inspiration-->closure of rima glottidis--> increase abdominthoracic pressure --> opening of rima glottidis-->opening of airway through mouth

Question 33

where are the receptors stimulated in the resp system in coughing?

Answer 33

oropharanx, larngopharngeal area , larengyal mucosa (CN IX and X) and respiratory tree

Question 34

which nerves stimulated in sneezing?

Answer 34

CN V and CN IX

Question 35

what is the carotid sheaths, where does it lie and what does it contain?

Answer 35

protective tube of the cervical deep fascia attach superiorly to the bones of the skull and inferiorly joins with the medistinum contain: Vagus nerve, internal carotid and common carotid arteries and internal jugular vein

Question 36

affrent and effrent?

Answer 36

arrives and exits CNS

Question 37

how are the motor axons from CNS connected to resp tree?

Answer 37

they run from tracheal bifurication along the branches of resp tree, to supply all glands and SM

Question 38

how are affrent neurons connected with CNS?

Answer 38

from viscreal pleura and resp tree they travel to the pulmonary plexus (symp, parasymp., Viscreal affrents) then follow vagus nerve to the medulla of brain stem.

Question 39

which ribs does pactoralis minor attach and pull?

Answer 39

ribs 3-5

Question 40

sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 40

attaches to sternum-calvicule junction, and mastoid of temporal bone.

Question 41

what type of muscles in the larynx and where do they attach and what is there neuro supplement?

Answer 41

skeletal muscles and attach between cartilage and supplied by vagal motor branches

Question 42

which parts of resp. does the vagus nerve supply?

Answer 42

larynx (Somatic motor, somatic sensory), resp tree (pulmonary plexus),

Question 43

does the vagus nerve pass through diaphragm ?

Answer 43

yes, on the oesaphgous

Question 44

name the 4 main abdominal muscles

Answer 44

rectus abdominis | external oblique--> internal oblique-->transverse abdominus

Question 45

what is the linea semilunaris?

Answer 45

where muscle fibres end and become aponeurosis

Question 46

what is an aponeurosis?

Answer 46

flattened tendon

Question 47

attachment of external oblique muscle?

Answer 47

superiorly to the superficial aspects of lower ribs | inferiorly to the illiac crest (superior angle of ilium) and pupic tubercle (pointy feature in the anterior of pupis)

Question 48

what is the linea alba ?

Answer 48

a linear line where the left and right aponeurosises meet.

Question 49

attachment of internal oblique?

Answer 49

superiorly to the inferior border of the ribs | inferiorly to illiac crest and the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back

Question 50

attachment of the transverse abdominis?

Answer 50

superiorly to the deep aspects of lower ribs | inferiorly to the illiac crest and thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back

Question 51

what is the rectus sheath?

Answer 51

a cover of aponeurosis on the recuts abdominis formed by the aponeurosises of the three abdominal wall muscles, (the external and internal anteriorly, and internal and transverse posteriorly)

Question 52

why does 6-pack and so on form and what is it ?

Answer 52

it is a tendon interactions for improved mechincal efficiency

Question 53

what are the parts of the medistinum?

Answer 53

superior ends at T4, anterior, posterior and middle (cardiac)