respiratory Flashcards
vertebra where larynx becomes trachea, and pharynx becomes oesophagus?
at the level of C6
which region type gets its own blood/lymphatics/nerve?
bronchopulmonary segment and their respective lobes
the skeleton components of larynx?
epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and 2x arytenoid cartilage.
the entrance to the larynx called?
laryngeal inlet
from a superior view, what is the narrowest structure of larynx, with the two components?
glottis (uncertain), and it is composed of rima glottidis (opening) and vocal cords
list ribs types and numbers?
1-7 real, 8-10 false, 11-12 floating
sternal angle level
rib 2
type of cartilage in sternocostal joints?
synovial
describe in detail the rib and its articulations?
head: body of the vertebra
neck
rib tubercle: transverse process of vertebra
shaft/body
rib angle (shaft slightly changes)
the costal groove (inferiorly deep in costal ribs)
list the main intercostal muscles from superficial to deep:
external
internal
innermost
what part of the thyroid is anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4?
isthmus
breast tissue main function?
lactation
viscera meaning?
vital organs
where does the intercostal neuro-vascular bundle lie between?
internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers
nerve supply from which rami for intercostal spaces
anterior ramus (ventral)
blood supply of intercostal structures?
posterior:
thoracic aorta
azygous vein
anterior:
Internal thoracic artery, internal thoracic vein both run along the sternum and originate from subclavian
diaphragm nerve supply?
c3-5 anterior rami and runs above lateral heart aspects (supplies fibrous pericardium)
diaphragm attachment to which bones?
L1-L3 bodies, sternum, lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
what is a costal margin?
it is the two imaginary lines drawn in a diagonal way for the inferior parts of the anterior chest.
where does the breast tissues drain (lymph)?
medial quadrants parasternal nodes
lateral quadrants axillary nodes
what is the delto-pectoral groove and what major structure passes through it?
between the deltoid and pactoralis major, and cephalic vein passes through it.
what are the muscles in the anteriolateral chest wall?
serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve c5-c7, when paralysis--> winged scapula) goes like the exam of chest expansion latissimus dorsi, goes like a line in the axillary area
a muscle attached to scapula and runs along neck?
scalenus anterior, posterior and medius
nerve supplement of brachial muscles
brachial plexus c5-c8 and T1
what are the anterior intercostal arteries and veins arise from and where are they?
they arise from the internal thoracic branches, and run around the cage through the intercostal spaces
what is the costdiaphramtic recess (costophrenic)?
it is a space in the pleural cavity in the most inferiolateral part.
what is the costophrenic angle? and why is it important?
it is the most inferiolateral part of the costophrenic recess.
usually the place where haemothorax or pleural effusion liquids will show up on CXR
parietal pleura regions?
cervical, costal, medistinal, diaphragmtic
what structures are in the root of lung?
main bronchus, a pulmonary artery, and 2 pulmonary veins. also, lymphatics, visecral afferents, sym. nerves and parasym. nerves
what is the inferior part of the upper lobe?
lingula
anatomical markers for ascultaion?
apex of lungs, superior to medial 1/3 of calvicule
middle lobe, ribs 2-4 in mid calvicular (horizontal fissure at rib 4, and oblique fissure rib 6 and goes laterally to t3
base: at scabular line T11
what are the main stages of coughing?
stimulation of sensory receptors
coordination by CNS of
inspiration–>closure of rima glottidis–> increase abdominthoracic pressure –> opening of rima glottidis–>opening of airway through mouth
where are the receptors stimulated in the resp system in coughing?
oropharanx, larngopharngeal area , larengyal mucosa (CN IX and X) and respiratory tree
which nerves stimulated in sneezing?
CN V and CN IX
what is the carotid sheaths, where does it lie and what does it contain?
protective tube of the cervical deep fascia
attach superiorly to the bones of the skull and inferiorly joins with the medistinum
contain: Vagus nerve, internal carotid and common carotid arteries and internal jugular vein
affrent and effrent?
arrives and exits CNS
how are the motor axons from CNS connected to resp tree?
they run from tracheal bifurication along the branches of resp tree, to supply all glands and SM
how are affrent neurons connected with CNS?
from viscreal pleura and resp tree they travel to the pulmonary plexus (symp, parasymp., Viscreal affrents) then follow vagus nerve to the medulla of brain stem.
which ribs does pactoralis minor attach and pull?
ribs 3-5
sternocleidomastoid muscle?
attaches to sternum-calvicule junction, and mastoid of temporal bone.
what type of muscles in the larynx and where do they attach and what is there neuro supplement?
skeletal muscles and attach between cartilage and supplied by vagal motor branches
which parts of resp. does the vagus nerve supply?
larynx (Somatic motor, somatic sensory), resp tree (pulmonary plexus),
does the vagus nerve pass through diaphragm ?
yes, on the oesaphgous
name the 4 main abdominal muscles
rectus abdominis
external oblique–> internal oblique–>transverse abdominus
what is the linea semilunaris?
where muscle fibres end and become aponeurosis
what is an aponeurosis?
flattened tendon
attachment of external oblique muscle?
superiorly to the superficial aspects of lower ribs
inferiorly to the illiac crest (superior angle of ilium) and pupic tubercle (pointy feature in the anterior of pupis)
what is the linea alba ?
a linear line where the left and right aponeurosises meet.
attachment of internal oblique?
superiorly to the inferior border of the ribs
inferiorly to illiac crest and the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back
attachment of the transverse abdominis?
superiorly to the deep aspects of lower ribs
inferiorly to the illiac crest and thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back
what is the rectus sheath?
a cover of aponeurosis on the recuts abdominis
formed by the aponeurosises of the three abdominal wall muscles, (the external and internal anteriorly, and internal and transverse posteriorly)
why does 6-pack and so on form and what is it ?
it is a tendon interactions for improved mechincal efficiency
what are the parts of the medistinum?
superior ends at T4, anterior, posterior and middle (cardiac)
