Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CH > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common respiratory viral infection?

A

RSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the common organism amongst older children with Pharyngitis?

A

Usually viral

Group B haemolytic strep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the common pathogens in tonsillitis?

A

Group A Beta haemolytic Strep

EBV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the epidemiology of AOM?

A

Most children will have at least one episodes, usually at 6-12months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why are infants and younger children more at risk of AOM?

A

Eustachian tube are short, horizontal and poorly functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the TM look like on AOM?

A

Bright red, bulging with loss of normal light reflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the causative organisms in AOM?

A

Viral: RSV and rhinovirus
Bacterial: Pneumococcus, H.Influenza, Moraxella Cararrhalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some serious but uncommon complications of AOM?

A
  • Mastoiditis and Meningitis

- Most cases resolve spontaneously, if recurrent can lead to otitis media with effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the epidemiology of AOM with effusion?

A
  • Common between 2-7yrs with peak incidence at 2.5-5years
  • It is the most common cause of conductive hearing loss in children and can interfere with normal speech development and can result in school difficulties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the tx for AOM with effusion when interference with speech development?

A

Insertion of grommets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does sinusitis tend to present in children?

A
  • Can occur with viral URTI or secondary to bacterial

- As the frontal sinus does not develop until late childhood, frontal sinusitis is uncommon in the first decade of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are children at risk of airway narrowing with tonsillitis?

A
  • Adenoids increase in size until 8yrs then regress
  • In young children, adenoids grow proportionally faster than the airway and therefore the effect of narrowing the airway lumen is greatest between 2-8yrs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is stridor heard?

A

Inspiratory wheeze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What sounds may be heard in laryngeal/tracheal upper airways obstruction?

A

Stridor
Hoarseness (inflammation of vocal cords)
Barking cough
Variable degree of dyspnoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can an upper airway obstruction be assessed clinically?

A
  • The degree of chest retraction (no/on crying/at rest)

- The degree of stridor (none/on crying/at rest/biphasic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is it extremely important to remember in children with upper airways obstruction?

A

Do NOT examine the throat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does croup arise?

A
  • Laryngotracheobronchitis
  • Mucosal inflammation and increased secretions affecting the airway.
  • Oedema in subglottic area may result in critical narrowing of trachea
  • 95% is viral
  • Parainfluenza virus most common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the epidemiology of croup?

A
  • From 6months to 6years
  • Peak incidence at 2yrs
  • Most common in Autumn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the typical features of croup?

A
  • Barking cough
  • Harsh stridor
  • Hoarseness
  • Preceded by fever and coryza
  • Symptoms often start and are worse at night
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When can a child with croup be managed at home?

A
  • Airway obstruction is mild if the stridor and chest recession disappear when the child is at home.
  • Parents need to observe the child closely.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What factors determine where a child with croup should be managed?

A

Time of day
Ease of access to hospital
Child’s age (lower threshold for admission if <12months)

Admit any child with mod/severe croup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the tx of croup?

A

Single dose of oral dexamethasone

Decreases the severity and duration of croup and need for hospitalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the tx for severe croup/emergency?

A

High flow oxygen
Nebulised adrenaline
Close monitoring by anaesthetist

24
Q

What is Pseudomembranous croup and tx?

A
  • Rare, child has a high fever, appears toxic and has rapidly progressive airway obstruction with thick, copious secretions
  • Staph Aureus
  • Tx: IV Abx, intubation and ventilation if required
25
What is the epidemiology of Acute Epiglottitis?
- Caused by Haemophilus Influenza Type B - Rare due to vaccination - Children aged 1-6years Intense swelling of epiglottis and surrounding tissues associated with septicaemia
26
What is the presentation of acute epiglottitis?
- Fever, "toxic" looking child, stridor, drooling, minimal cough - Intensely painful throat that prevents the child from speaking or swallowing - Soft inspiratory stridor, rapidly increasing respiratory difficulty
27
What must you NOT do in acute epiglottis?
Do NOT examine the throat, do NOT lie the child down
28
What is the tx of acute epiglottis?
- If suspected, urgent hospital admission and tx required - Senior anaesthetist, paediatrician and ENT surgeon - Intubation, IV Abx and blood cultures - Prophylaxis for household contacts
29
How would you describe stridor?
Harsh, monophonic noise from the trachea or larynx as a result of narrowing
30
What is the DDx of stridor?
``` Viral croup Epiglottitis Inhaled foreign body Acute allergic reaction Airway burns and scalds ```
31
What is the method of assessment in persistent/recurrent stridor?
``` Plot growth Continuous or episodic? Hx of child trauma/CN anomalies? Hx cardiac/thoracic trauma? Any cutaneous haemangiomas? Swallowing problems? (bulbar dysfunction) ```
32
What are the investigations in persistent/recurrent stridor?
CXR (to asess mediastinum and cardiac size) Flexible larygobronchoscopy Blood test (rarely hypocalcaemia/hypomagnesaemia)
33
What are some causes of persistent stridor in an older child?
Viral or allergic Vocal cord dysfunction Rare: neck mass/tumour
34
What is the epidemiology of Pertussis
- Whooping cough - Caused by Bordella Pertussis - Endemic, every 3-4years
35
What is the clinical presentation of Pertussis?
- Coryza for one week followed by spasmodic coughing ending with an inspiratory 'whoop'. - Young babies may present with apnoeas - Spasms of cough are often worse at night and may culminate in vomiting. - During a paroxysm, the child goes red or blue in the face, mucus flows from the nose and mouth
36
What is the course of Pertussis?
- Paroxysmal phase lasts for 3-6wks | - Symptoms gradually decrease (convalescent phase) but may persist for many months.
37
What are the complications of Pertussis?
- Pneumonia - Convulsions - Bronchiectasis
38
What are the investigations in Pertussis?
- Per-nasal swab - Marked leucocytosis on FBC - Erythromycin prophylaxis for close contacts - If severe, admission - Isolate from other children
39
What is the epidemiology of Bronchiolitis?
- The most serious respiratory tract infection of infancy (<1yr, peaks 3-6months) - Winter epidemics - RSV causative virus in 80%
40
What are the clinical features of Bronchiolitis?
- Coryzal symptoms precede a dry cough and increasing breathlessness. - Feeding difficulties associated with increasing dyspnoea
41
Which groups are at risk of severe Bronchiolitis?
- Premature babies with bronchopulmonary dysplasia | - Those with underlying lung disease: CF or congenital heart disease
42
What are the investigations in Bronchiolitis?
- RSV identified by PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal secretions - Pulse oximetry: O2 sats - Blood gases in severe disease
43
What is the tx in Bronchiolitis?
- Supportive - Humidified O2 via headbox - Monitor baby for apnea
44
What is the prognosis in bronchiolitis?
- Most will recover from acute infection within 2wks | - Up to half will have recurrent episodes of cough and wheeze
45
What are the two main categories of wheeze in children?
Transient early wheezing: ViW, resolves by age 5. | Recurrent wheezing.
46
What are some of the causes of childhood wheezing?
``` Transient early wheezing (ViW) Atopic asthma Non-atopic asthma Recurrent aspiration of feeds Inhaled foreign body ```
47
What is the aetiology of asthma
- Up to 40% are atopic | - Majority of exacerbations triggered by RSV
48
What are the clinical features of asthma?
- Wheeze described as "whistling in the chest when your child breaths out" - Symptoms worsen at night and early morning - Triggers (exercise, pets, cold air, dust, laughter) - Interval symptoms (between acute exacerbations)
49
What are the features of a severe asthma attack?
``` SpO2 <92% PEF 33-50% of predicted Breathless to talk or feed HR >125 (>5yrs), HR>140 (2-5yrs) RR >30 (>5yrs), RR>40 (1-5yrs) Use of accessory muscles ```
50
What are the features of a life-threatening asthma attack?
``` SpO2 <92% PEF <33% predicted Silent chest Poor respiratory effort Agitation Altered consciousness Cyanosis ```
51
What is the tx for a mild-moderate asthma attack?
- Give beta2 agonist via spacer, 1 puff every 30-60s up to a max of 10 puffs - If not controlled, repeat and refer to hospital
52
What are the causative organisms in pneumonia for: a) Newborns b) Infants and young children c) >5years
a) Group B Strep and gram -ve enterococci b) RSV, Strep pneumonia, H.Influenza c) Mycoplasma pneumonia, Strep pneumonia, Chlamydia Pneumonia
53
What are the clinical features of Pneumonia?
- Fever, difficult breathing , preceded by URTI | - O/e: Tachypnoea, nasal flaring, chest undrawing, increased RR
54
What is the diagnosis and tx of pneumonia?
Diagnosis: CXR Tx: Amoxicillin
55
What is the epidemiology of CF?
- Autosomal recessive - 80% due to delta F508 on long arm of chromosome 7. - Organisms which may colonise: Staph Aureus, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Aspergillus
56
How is the diagnosis of CF made?
High sweat chloride
57
What are some of the presenting features in CF?
Neonatal jaundice (20%) Recurrent chest infections Malabsorption If diagnosed >18yrs: -Short stature, DM, delayed puberty, nasal polyps, male infertility

CH (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions