Respiratory Flashcards
Feline asthma syndrome is also called:
What is it?
How is it treated?
Feline allergic bronchitis or hyperactive airway disease
A type I hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens
Asthma medications but also responds well to steroids
Chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep is also known as what?
Atypical pneumonia, chronic nonprogressive pneumonia
Calves born with what syndrome are highly susceptible to bronchopneumonia?
BLAD - Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency
What are the two classifications of pulmonary emphysema?
Who is the main species for interstitial?
How can you tell?
Alveolar and interstitial
Mainly cattle
Prominant fibrous connective tissue between lobules
EDx?
Where else can this be seen??
What makes this easy to differentiate from other fibrinous processes?
Viral Fibrinous Rhinitis by Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Bovine Herpesvirus 1)
Trachea, esophagus, forestomach
Formation of a diphtheritic membrane (pseudomembrane)
What is the current name for canine tracheobronchitis or kennel cough?
Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD)
What is laryngeal hemiplegia?
Roaring
Atrophy of left dorsal and lateral cricoaretynoid muscles
Usually the result of an idiopathic neuropathy affecting the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is the causative agent of verminous bronchopneumonia in swine?
Metastrongylus spp.
What are Chondroids?
Inspissated exudate specific to the guttural pouch (Stones)
Repiratory histophilosis results in what?
Suppurative or fibrinous bronchopneumonia
What is collapsing trachea?
Dorso-ventral flattening of the trachea and concomitant widening of the dorsal tracheal membrane.
What are some possible causes of RAO? (We don’t know for certain but what do we think)
Allergic
Infectious
Toxic
Genetic
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis is what type of hypersensitivity?
Type III hypersensitivity
MDx?
EDx?
Necrotizing bronchopneumonia
M. bovis induced chronic necrotizing bronchopneumonia
What is the common name for Recurrent Airway Obstruction or chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema complex in horses?
Heaves
When presented with chronic inflammation causing bronchiectasis and cattarhal bronchiolitis, what would the expected consequence be?
Sequelae to this consequence?
Obstruction of bronchi
Emphysema or Atelectasis
What is atelectasis?
Incomplete expansion of the lungs or portions of the lungs
What disease has the potential to cause suppurative lobular bronchopneumonia?
Enzootic pneumonia
In recent years who has been recognized as a major risk factor for exposing dogs and cats to respiratory diseases?
Animal shelters
What is the name of this pedunculated tumor-like lesion in older horses?
Progressive ethmoidal hematoma
or
Recurring Ethmoidal Hematoma (REH)
What are the three funcitonal divisions within the respiratory system?
Conducting
Transitional
Respiratory (Exchange)
Diagnosis?
RAO
Diagnosis
Intersitial emphysema
Due to its highly contagious nature, where is CIRD a major concern?
Shelters
What are two common sequelae of chronic suppurative pneumonia?
Abscessation and bronchiolectasis
What is pulmonary anthracosis?
How does one get this?
Buildup of collagen in the lungs
Living in a polluted area or with a smoker
Diagnosis?
Atrophic rhinitis
What are the defense mechanisms of the transitional system?
Club cells
Antioxidants
Antibodies
Lysozyme
What are the viral agents causing pneumonia in sheep?
PI-3
RSV
Maedi (Visna/Maedi):
LIP (Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia)
Diagnosis?
BRSV
(Syncytial cells)
What is the guttural pouch?
Large diverticula of the ventral portion of the eustachian tubes in the horse
The bronchioles epithelium is susceptible to injury, what are the three main categories of things that injure them and give some examples.
Repiratory viruses - Bovine parainfluenza 3, Bovine syncytial virus, adenovirus, canine distemper virus
Oxidant gases - NO2, SO2
Ozone - excess O2 therapy
Toxic substances - paraquat
What is the cause of necrotic laryngitis in calves?
Calf diphtheria
Secondary infection by Fusobacterium necrophorum following trauma or viral infection (IBR). Can also be as part of oral necrobacillosis in calves and swine.
Plaques of ulceration covered by fibronecrotic exudate (pseudomembranes)
What are the main pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema?
Increased hydrostatic pressure (cardiogenic edema)
Increased vascular permeability (Injury to the blood-air barrier)
Obstruction to lumphatic drainage: Neoplasia involving thoracic lymph nodes or vessels
What are some common sequelae to strangles?
Bronchopneumonia
Laryngeal hemiplegia (“roaring”)
Horner’s syndrome (facial paralysis)
Purpura hemorrhagica
Guttural pouch empyema (pus accumulation)
Rupture of abscesses –> Cellulitis and Cutaneous fistulas
Diagnosis on this HE stain?
What is the confirmatory cell?
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
The dark brown pigment within the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages (Heart failure cells)
In addition to gas exchange, what is the respiratory system also involved in?
Phonation
Olfaction
Temperature regulation
Acid-base balance
Blood pressure regulation
What environmental factors greatly increase the risk of bovine enzootic pneumonia?
Air quality (poor ventilation)
High relative humidity
Crowding
What are some etiologic agents involved in Chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep?
M. hemolytica
P. multocida
PI-3
Adenovirus, reovirus, RSV
Chlamydophila and Mycoplasmas
What disease is similar to RAO?
Feline asthma syndrome
How is Maedi characterized?
Dyspnea and an insidious slowly progressive emaciation despite good appetite
What are three routes of pathogen entry into the respiratory system?
Aerogenous (inhalation)
Hematogenous
Direct extension (penetrating wounds, migrating awns, bites, etc.)
What are the primary viral causes of pneumonia in cattle?
IBR (BoHV-1)
Para-influenza-3 virus (PI-3)
Bovine Respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
Diagnosis?
Diffuse Interstitial Pneumonia
What is the formal name for calf pneumonia or chronic suppurative pneumonia?
Bovine enzootic pneumonia
SCID foals often succumb to infectious diseases such as what respiratory disease?
Adenoviral pneumonia
While there are a number of infectious agents associated with CIRD, what is the assumed primary player?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
In dogs, pulmonary arterial thrombosis and pulmonary thromboemolism are caused by:
Parasites
Endocrinopathies
Glomerulopathies
Hypercoagulable states
What is the most common cause of pulmonary congestion?
Heart failure
In goats, CAEV (Caprine Arthritis/Encephalitis virus) can cause what type of pneumonia?
Lymphocytic pneumonia
What are the defense mechanisms of the exchange system?
Alveolar macrophages
Intravascular macrophages
Opsonizing antibodies
Surfactant
Antioxidants
What diseases predispose dogs to CIRD?
CAV-2, CPIV-2, Distemper virus, Mycoplasma spp.
Canine respiratory corona virus (CRCov), CIV, or Strep. equi ssp zooepidemicus
What is the pathogenesis/role of P. multocida in atrophic rhinitis?
Which turbinate is most consistently affected first?
Toxigenic strains produce cytotoxins which inhibit osteoblast activity and promote osteoclastic reabsorption of the nasal turbinates.
Ventral turbinate
What are PAMs?
What are PIMs?
Which species have more PIMs?
Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages
Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages
Ruminants, Cats, Pigs, and Horses
Sheep post-mortem. Diagnosis?
Etiology?
Enzootic nasal carcinoma (or adenocarcinoma)
Enzootic nasal tumor virus (beta-retrovirus) -
ENTV-1 in sheep
ENTV-2 in goats
What is pulmonary emphysema?
Permanent enlargment of air-spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls
True or false -
The healthy lung is a sterile environment.
False - large numbers of microorganisms coexist in the lung
What cell type should NOT be in healthy bronchioles?
Goblet cells
A farmer has pigs between 3-5 weeks of age with what you determine to be necrotizing rhinitis. The attached histopathology sample give conclusive proof that these pigs are infected with what?
Inclusion Body Rhinitis - Procine Cytomegalovirus (suid herpesvirus 2)
Indicated by large cells with large basophilic intranuclear inclusions.
In animals is pulmonary emphysema primary or secondary?
Elaborate.
It is almost always secondary to obstruction of outflow of air or agonal at slaughter. It is also frequent in animals with bronchopneumonia due to airflow imbalance.
If the olfactory mucosa sustains extensive injury, what pathogenesis would you expect to see following the injury?
Ulcerated areas replaced by ciliated and goblet cells or squamous epithelium, or by fibrous tissue –> reduction of olfactory function (hyposmia) or loss of olfactory function (anosmia)
‘Sup with this foal?
Describe it and how you get it.
Guttural pouch tympany
Unilateral, nonpainful, due to one-way valve effect caused by inflammation or malformation of eustachian tube
MDx?
EDx?
Predisposing to?
Ulcerative and necrotizing laryngo-tracheitis
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Predisposes to Mannheimia hemolytica
What is bullous emphysema?
Large focal air-filled spaces in/on the lungs –> rupture may lead to fatal pneumothorax
What 2 viruses need to be considered when dealing with calves that have necrotizing bronchiolitis?
BRSV and PI-3
What type of cells make up the conducting system and what organs/regions are included in this system?
Nostrils, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and extra/intrapulmonary bronchi
Primarily lined by pseudostratified ciliated epithelilum and goblet cells
Diagnosis
How?
Heaves
Heave line
What does the exchange system consist of and what cells line it?
Alveolar ducts and alveoli
In carnivores and monkeys (less in horses and humans) terminal bronchioles also contain alveolar capillaries (respiratory bronchioles)
Epithelial type I (membranous) and type II (granular) pneumocytes (or pneumonocytes)
What are some examples of Atypical Interstitial pneumonias in cattle?
Bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (fog fever)
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
Reinfection syndrome (hypersensitivity to Dictyocaulus spp or BRSV)
Milk allergy (type I hypersensitivity)
Ingestion of moldy potatoes
MDx?
EDx?
Mucopurulent rhinitis
Strangles induced mucopurulent rhinitis
The most common pulmonary emboli in domestic animals are:
thromboemboli
septic (bacterial) emboli
fat emboli
tumor cell emboli
List out what a-f is
A - Normal lung
B- Suppurative bronchopneumonia
C - Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
D - Interstitial pneumonia
E - Embolic pneumonia
F - Granulomatous pneumonia
What is EIPH?
Who do we see it in most frequently?
What is it a result of?
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
Race horses
Laryngeal paralysis, bronchiolitis, and extremely HIGH pulmonary vascular and alveolar pressures during exercise,alveolar hypoxia, and preexisting pulmonary injury
What is meconium?
What is MAS?
The dark-green mucilaginous material in the intestine of a full term fetus
Meconium aspiration syndrome
What is the causitive agent of bovine tuberculosis?
Mycoplasma bovis
PI-3 and BRSV cause what?
Transient rhino-tracheitis and broncho-interstitial pneumonia with the formation of eosinophilic inclusion bodies in bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages
What are potential causes of embolic pneumonia?
Vegetative endocarditis
ruptured liver abscess
What are we looking at?
Not lungs. Jackass.
Chronic suppurative pneumonia
What is the agent responsible for causing verminous bronchitis in sheep and goats?
Dictyocaulus filaria
What pattern of pneumonia would be expected in a sheep with chronic enzootic pneumonia?
Cranioventral suppurative pneumonia
Atrophic rhinitis in pigs is a multifactorial disease in growing pigs, what is it caused by?
Bordetella bronchiseptica (dermonecrotic toxin) initially and then Pasteurella multocida types A and D (toxigenic strains)
What disease has the potential to cause fibrinous lobar bronchopneumonia?
Pneumonic mannheimiosis
EDx?
Common name?
Potential sequela?
Parasitic cattarhal sinusitis with Oestrus ovis
Nasal Bot Fly
Migration into brain
What is the causitive agent of verminous pneumonia in cattle?
Dictyocaulus viviparus
Pigs infected with PRRSV frequently develop what infection?
Pneumocystis carinii
The pneumonia in cattle caused by M. bovis (TB) is characterized as what?
Multifocal granulomatous pneumonia
Describe the progression of circulatory diturbances in the lungs
Impeded blood flow (chronic pulmonary disease) –> Cor Pulmonale (caused by unremitting pulmonary hypertension) –> Cardiac dilation –> Right sided heart failure –> chronic passive liver congestion (nutmeg liver) –> generalized edema (anasarca)
Guttural pouch mycosis is caused by infection with what fungi?
Which cranial nerves can become involved?
Serious sequela?
Aspergillus spp.
CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII
Erosion of the wall of the internal carotid artery –> epistaxis (1st) or fatal hemorrhage (2nd)
What are three examples of normal respiratory flora that are potentially pathogenic?
Mannheimia hemolytica (cattle)
Pasteurella multocida (cats, cattle, pigs, rabbits)
Bordetella bronchiseptica (dogs and pigs)
You this in a canine post-mortem. Diagnosis?
Nasal Fibrosarcoma
What does Mycoplasma bovis cause that is distinctive?
Chronic necrotizing bronchopneumonia
Diagnosis?
What makes this easy to recognize?
Pulmonary edema
They don’t collapse post-mortem
How will the lung appear in the event of atelectasis?
Pulmmonary parenchyma appears dark-red and sunken. Fleshy consistency and the lung tissue does not float
What is Inflammatory airway disease?
New term in equines - describes RAO-like syndrome in young horses (2-4y)
What are the two types of atelectasis?
What are the subtypes?
Congenital and acquired
Only acquired has subtypes - compressive (aka lung collapse) or obstructive
What are the two ways to get pneumonia?
Aerogenous
Hematogenous
True or false -
Chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep is often a fatal multifactorial disease affecting animals younger than 1 year.
False
It is RARELY fatal. Everything else there is true.
Three major causes of granulomatous pneumonia?
Tuberculosis
Blastomycosis
Cryptococcosis
What are the defense mechanisms present in the conducting system?
Mucociliary clearance, antibodies, lysozyme, mucus
Describe the pattern in A-L
A - Normal lung
B - Suppurative bronchopneumonia (enzootic pneumonia)
C - Fibrinous bronchopneumonia (shipping fever)
D- Interstitial (diffuse) pneumonia (viral influenza)
E - Embolic pneumonia (bacterial endocarditis)
F - Granulomatous pneumonia (TB / deep-seated mycoses)
G - Tumor metastasis from a nonpulmonary primary site
H - Primary lung tumor with secondary metastases
I - Locally extensive dorsal-diaphragmatic pneumonia (Porcine fibrinous pleuropneumonia)
J - Verminous (parasitic) pneumonia (lung worms)
K - Aspiration pneumonia
L - Hypostatic congestion (prolonged recumbency/downers syndrome)
Which stains are used to visualize fungi within tissue sections?
GMS (Gomori’s methenamine silver)
PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)
Other than necrotizing pneumonia, what does M. bovis cause?
Severe chronic fibrinous arthritis
Otitis
Mastitis
Abortion
Keratoconjunctivitis
MDx?
EDx?
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
Pneumonic mannheimiosis
What dis?
Hydatidosis (Echinococcosis)
What is/are the causative agent(s) of Bovine enzootic pneumonia?
Caused by a number of respiratory viruses, Mycoplasmas, Chamlydophila, FOLLOWED BY oppourtinistic bacteria such as P. multocida, T. pyogenes, H. somni, M. hemolytica and E. coli
Diagnosis?
Bullous emphysema
What is shipping fever?
How important is it?
Acute respiratory disease that occurs in cattle several days or weeks after shipment
The most economincally important respiratory disease of cattle in North America. Particularly feedlot cattle.
What are some disease that may cause Interstitial pneumonia?
Influenza,
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
PRRS (Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome)
ARDS (Acute respiratory distress syndrome)
What parasite of pigs can cause edema, focal subpleural hemorrhages, and interstitial inflammation?
Ascaris suum
What’s the $270,000 word for “shipping fever”?
Pneumonic mannheimiosis
Other than viruses, what are some factors known to predispose to bacterial pneumonia?
Stress
Dehydration
Pulmonary edema
Uremia
Ammonia
Immunosuppression/immunodeficiency
What makes up the trnsitional system, and what cells line it?
Exclusively made of the bronchioles which are lined by Club cells, non-ciliated secretory cells, and a few ciliated cells.
The majority of nasal cavity neoplasms are benign or malignant?
Malignant
What is this disease?
What is the causative agent?
What organ is involved?
Strangles
Streptococcus equi ssp. equi
Guttural Pounch and lymph node involvement
What are we looking at?
What disease do we see this with?
Mature sproangia filled with endospores
Granulomatous rhinitis in dogs due to Rhinosporidium seeberi
What are the 8 forms of Histophilus somni?
Septicemia
Encephalitis
Pneumonia
Pleuritis
Myocarditis
Arthritis
Opthalmitis
Conjuncitvitis
Otitis
Abortion
