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Ross Vet Pathology 2 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Feline asthma syndrome is also called:

What is it?

How is it treated?

A

Feline allergic bronchitis or hyperactive airway disease

A type I hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens

Asthma medications but also responds well to steroids

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2
Q

Chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep is also known as what?

A

Atypical pneumonia, chronic nonprogressive pneumonia

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3
Q

Calves born with what syndrome are highly susceptible to bronchopneumonia?

A

BLAD - Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency

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4
Q

What are the two classifications of pulmonary emphysema?

Who is the main species for interstitial?

How can you tell?

A

Alveolar and interstitial

Mainly cattle

Prominant fibrous connective tissue between lobules

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5
Q

EDx?

Where else can this be seen??

What makes this easy to differentiate from other fibrinous processes?

A

Viral Fibrinous Rhinitis by Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Bovine Herpesvirus 1)

Trachea, esophagus, forestomach

Formation of a diphtheritic membrane (pseudomembrane)

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6
Q

What is the current name for canine tracheobronchitis or kennel cough?

A

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD)

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7
Q

What is laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

Roaring

Atrophy of left dorsal and lateral cricoaretynoid muscles

Usually the result of an idiopathic neuropathy affecting the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

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8
Q

What is the causative agent of verminous bronchopneumonia in swine?

A

Metastrongylus spp.

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9
Q

What are Chondroids?

A

Inspissated exudate specific to the guttural pouch (Stones)

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10
Q

Repiratory histophilosis results in what?

A

Suppurative or fibrinous bronchopneumonia

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11
Q

What is collapsing trachea?

A

Dorso-ventral flattening of the trachea and concomitant widening of the dorsal tracheal membrane.

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12
Q

What are some possible causes of RAO? (We don’t know for certain but what do we think)

A

Allergic

Infectious

Toxic

Genetic

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13
Q

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis is what type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type III hypersensitivity

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14
Q

MDx?

EDx?

A

Necrotizing bronchopneumonia

M. bovis induced chronic necrotizing bronchopneumonia

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15
Q

What is the common name for Recurrent Airway Obstruction or chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema complex in horses?

A

Heaves

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16
Q

When presented with chronic inflammation causing bronchiectasis and cattarhal bronchiolitis, what would the expected consequence be?

Sequelae to this consequence?

A

Obstruction of bronchi

Emphysema or Atelectasis

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17
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Incomplete expansion of the lungs or portions of the lungs

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18
Q

What disease has the potential to cause suppurative lobular bronchopneumonia?

A

Enzootic pneumonia

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19
Q

In recent years who has been recognized as a major risk factor for exposing dogs and cats to respiratory diseases?

A

Animal shelters

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20
Q

What is the name of this pedunculated tumor-like lesion in older horses?

A

Progressive ethmoidal hematoma

or

Recurring Ethmoidal Hematoma (REH)

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21
Q

What are the three funcitonal divisions within the respiratory system?

A

Conducting

Transitional

Respiratory (Exchange)

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22
Q

Diagnosis?

A

RAO

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23
Q

Diagnosis

A

Intersitial emphysema

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24
Q

Due to its highly contagious nature, where is CIRD a major concern?

A

Shelters

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25
Q

What are two common sequelae of chronic suppurative pneumonia?

A

Abscessation and bronchiolectasis

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26
Q

What is pulmonary anthracosis?

How does one get this?

A

Buildup of collagen in the lungs

Living in a polluted area or with a smoker

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27
Q

Diagnosis?

A

Atrophic rhinitis

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28
Q

What are the defense mechanisms of the transitional system?

A

Club cells

Antioxidants

Antibodies

Lysozyme

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29
Q

What are the viral agents causing pneumonia in sheep?

A

PI-3

RSV

Maedi (Visna/Maedi):

LIP (Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia)

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30
Q

Diagnosis?

A

BRSV

(Syncytial cells)

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31
Q

What is the guttural pouch?

A

Large diverticula of the ventral portion of the eustachian tubes in the horse

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32
Q

The bronchioles epithelium is susceptible to injury, what are the three main categories of things that injure them and give some examples.

A

Repiratory viruses - Bovine parainfluenza 3, Bovine syncytial virus, adenovirus, canine distemper virus

Oxidant gases - NO2, SO2

Ozone - excess O2 therapy

Toxic substances - paraquat

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33
Q

What is the cause of necrotic laryngitis in calves?

A

Calf diphtheria

Secondary infection by Fusobacterium necrophorum following trauma or viral infection (IBR). Can also be as part of oral necrobacillosis in calves and swine.

Plaques of ulceration covered by fibronecrotic exudate (pseudomembranes)

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34
Q

What are the main pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema?

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure (cardiogenic edema)

Increased vascular permeability (Injury to the blood-air barrier)

Obstruction to lumphatic drainage: Neoplasia involving thoracic lymph nodes or vessels

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35
Q

What are some common sequelae to strangles?

A

Bronchopneumonia

Laryngeal hemiplegia (“roaring”)

Horner’s syndrome (facial paralysis)

Purpura hemorrhagica

Guttural pouch empyema (pus accumulation)

Rupture of abscesses –> Cellulitis and Cutaneous fistulas

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36
Q

Diagnosis on this HE stain?

What is the confirmatory cell?

A

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema

The dark brown pigment within the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages (Heart failure cells)

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37
Q

In addition to gas exchange, what is the respiratory system also involved in?

A

Phonation

Olfaction

Temperature regulation

Acid-base balance

Blood pressure regulation

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38
Q

What environmental factors greatly increase the risk of bovine enzootic pneumonia?

A

Air quality (poor ventilation)

High relative humidity

Crowding

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39
Q

What are some etiologic agents involved in Chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep?

A

M. hemolytica

P. multocida

PI-3

Adenovirus, reovirus, RSV

Chlamydophila and Mycoplasmas

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40
Q

What disease is similar to RAO?

A

Feline asthma syndrome

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41
Q

How is Maedi characterized?

A

Dyspnea and an insidious slowly progressive emaciation despite good appetite

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42
Q

What are three routes of pathogen entry into the respiratory system?

A

Aerogenous (inhalation)

Hematogenous

Direct extension (penetrating wounds, migrating awns, bites, etc.)

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43
Q

What are the primary viral causes of pneumonia in cattle?

A

IBR (BoHV-1)

Para-influenza-3 virus (PI-3)

Bovine Respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)

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44
Q

Diagnosis?

A

Diffuse Interstitial Pneumonia

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45
Q

What is the formal name for calf pneumonia or chronic suppurative pneumonia?

A

Bovine enzootic pneumonia

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46
Q

SCID foals often succumb to infectious diseases such as what respiratory disease?

A

Adenoviral pneumonia

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47
Q

While there are a number of infectious agents associated with CIRD, what is the assumed primary player?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

48
Q

In dogs, pulmonary arterial thrombosis and pulmonary thromboemolism are caused by:

A

Parasites

Endocrinopathies

Glomerulopathies

Hypercoagulable states

49
Q

What is the most common cause of pulmonary congestion?

A

Heart failure

50
Q

In goats, CAEV (Caprine Arthritis/Encephalitis virus) can cause what type of pneumonia?

A

Lymphocytic pneumonia

51
Q

What are the defense mechanisms of the exchange system?

A

Alveolar macrophages

Intravascular macrophages

Opsonizing antibodies

Surfactant

Antioxidants

52
Q

What diseases predispose dogs to CIRD?

A

CAV-2, CPIV-2, Distemper virus, Mycoplasma spp.

Canine respiratory corona virus (CRCov), CIV, or Strep. equi ssp zooepidemicus

53
Q

What is the pathogenesis/role of P. multocida in atrophic rhinitis?

Which turbinate is most consistently affected first?

A

Toxigenic strains produce cytotoxins which inhibit osteoblast activity and promote osteoclastic reabsorption of the nasal turbinates.

Ventral turbinate

54
Q

What are PAMs?

What are PIMs?

Which species have more PIMs?

A

Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages

Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages

Ruminants, Cats, Pigs, and Horses

55
Q

Sheep post-mortem. Diagnosis?

Etiology?

A

Enzootic nasal carcinoma (or adenocarcinoma)

Enzootic nasal tumor virus (beta-retrovirus) -

ENTV-1 in sheep

ENTV-2 in goats

56
Q

What is pulmonary emphysema?

A

Permanent enlargment of air-spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls

57
Q

True or false -

The healthy lung is a sterile environment.

A

False - large numbers of microorganisms coexist in the lung

58
Q

What cell type should NOT be in healthy bronchioles?

A

Goblet cells

59
Q

A farmer has pigs between 3-5 weeks of age with what you determine to be necrotizing rhinitis. The attached histopathology sample give conclusive proof that these pigs are infected with what?

A

Inclusion Body Rhinitis - Procine Cytomegalovirus (suid herpesvirus 2)

Indicated by large cells with large basophilic intranuclear inclusions.

60
Q

In animals is pulmonary emphysema primary or secondary?

Elaborate.

A

It is almost always secondary to obstruction of outflow of air or agonal at slaughter. It is also frequent in animals with bronchopneumonia due to airflow imbalance.

61
Q

If the olfactory mucosa sustains extensive injury, what pathogenesis would you expect to see following the injury?

A

Ulcerated areas replaced by ciliated and goblet cells or squamous epithelium, or by fibrous tissue –> reduction of olfactory function (hyposmia) or loss of olfactory function (anosmia)

62
Q

‘Sup with this foal?

Describe it and how you get it.

A

Guttural pouch tympany

Unilateral, nonpainful, due to one-way valve effect caused by inflammation or malformation of eustachian tube

63
Q

MDx?

EDx?

Predisposing to?

A

Ulcerative and necrotizing laryngo-tracheitis

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

Predisposes to Mannheimia hemolytica

64
Q

What is bullous emphysema?

A

Large focal air-filled spaces in/on the lungs –> rupture may lead to fatal pneumothorax

65
Q

What 2 viruses need to be considered when dealing with calves that have necrotizing bronchiolitis?

A

BRSV and PI-3

66
Q

What type of cells make up the conducting system and what organs/regions are included in this system?

A

Nostrils, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and extra/intrapulmonary bronchi

Primarily lined by pseudostratified ciliated epithelilum and goblet cells

67
Q

Diagnosis

How?

A

Heaves

Heave line

68
Q

What does the exchange system consist of and what cells line it?

A

Alveolar ducts and alveoli

In carnivores and monkeys (less in horses and humans) terminal bronchioles also contain alveolar capillaries (respiratory bronchioles)

Epithelial type I (membranous) and type II (granular) pneumocytes (or pneumonocytes)

69
Q

What are some examples of Atypical Interstitial pneumonias in cattle?

A

Bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (fog fever)

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis)

Reinfection syndrome (hypersensitivity to Dictyocaulus spp or BRSV)

Milk allergy (type I hypersensitivity)

Ingestion of moldy potatoes

70
Q

MDx?

EDx?

A

Mucopurulent rhinitis

Strangles induced mucopurulent rhinitis

71
Q

The most common pulmonary emboli in domestic animals are:

A

thromboemboli

septic (bacterial) emboli

fat emboli

tumor cell emboli

72
Q

List out what a-f is

A

A - Normal lung

B- Suppurative bronchopneumonia

C - Fibrinous bronchopneumonia

D - Interstitial pneumonia

E - Embolic pneumonia

F - Granulomatous pneumonia

73
Q

What is EIPH?

Who do we see it in most frequently?

What is it a result of?

A

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage

Race horses

Laryngeal paralysis, bronchiolitis, and extremely HIGH pulmonary vascular and alveolar pressures during exercise,alveolar hypoxia, and preexisting pulmonary injury

74
Q

What is meconium?

What is MAS?

A

The dark-green mucilaginous material in the intestine of a full term fetus

Meconium aspiration syndrome

75
Q

What is the causitive agent of bovine tuberculosis?

A

Mycoplasma bovis

76
Q

PI-3 and BRSV cause what?

A

Transient rhino-tracheitis and broncho-interstitial pneumonia with the formation of eosinophilic inclusion bodies in bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages

77
Q

What are potential causes of embolic pneumonia?

A

Vegetative endocarditis

ruptured liver abscess

78
Q

What are we looking at?

A

Not lungs. Jackass.

Chronic suppurative pneumonia

79
Q

What is the agent responsible for causing verminous bronchitis in sheep and goats?

A

Dictyocaulus filaria

80
Q

What pattern of pneumonia would be expected in a sheep with chronic enzootic pneumonia?

A

Cranioventral suppurative pneumonia

81
Q

Atrophic rhinitis in pigs is a multifactorial disease in growing pigs, what is it caused by?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica (dermonecrotic toxin) initially and then Pasteurella multocida types A and D (toxigenic strains)

82
Q

What disease has the potential to cause fibrinous lobar bronchopneumonia?

A

Pneumonic mannheimiosis

83
Q

EDx?

Common name?

Potential sequela?

A

Parasitic cattarhal sinusitis with Oestrus ovis

Nasal Bot Fly

Migration into brain

84
Q

What is the causitive agent of verminous pneumonia in cattle?

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus

85
Q

Pigs infected with PRRSV frequently develop what infection?

A

Pneumocystis carinii

86
Q

The pneumonia in cattle caused by M. bovis (TB) is characterized as what?

A

Multifocal granulomatous pneumonia

87
Q

Describe the progression of circulatory diturbances in the lungs

A

Impeded blood flow (chronic pulmonary disease) –> Cor Pulmonale (caused by unremitting pulmonary hypertension) –> Cardiac dilation –> Right sided heart failure –> chronic passive liver congestion (nutmeg liver) –> generalized edema (anasarca)

88
Q

Guttural pouch mycosis is caused by infection with what fungi?

Which cranial nerves can become involved?

Serious sequela?

A

Aspergillus spp.

CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII

Erosion of the wall of the internal carotid artery –> epistaxis (1st) or fatal hemorrhage (2nd)

89
Q

What are three examples of normal respiratory flora that are potentially pathogenic?

A

Mannheimia hemolytica (cattle)

Pasteurella multocida (cats, cattle, pigs, rabbits)

Bordetella bronchiseptica (dogs and pigs)

90
Q

You this in a canine post-mortem. Diagnosis?

A

Nasal Fibrosarcoma

91
Q

What does Mycoplasma bovis cause that is distinctive?

A

Chronic necrotizing bronchopneumonia

92
Q

Diagnosis?

What makes this easy to recognize?

A

Pulmonary edema

They don’t collapse post-mortem

93
Q

How will the lung appear in the event of atelectasis?

A

Pulmmonary parenchyma appears dark-red and sunken. Fleshy consistency and the lung tissue does not float

94
Q

What is Inflammatory airway disease?

A

New term in equines - describes RAO-like syndrome in young horses (2-4y)

95
Q

What are the two types of atelectasis?

What are the subtypes?

A

Congenital and acquired

Only acquired has subtypes - compressive (aka lung collapse) or obstructive

96
Q

What are the two ways to get pneumonia?

A

Aerogenous

Hematogenous

97
Q

True or false -

Chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep is often a fatal multifactorial disease affecting animals younger than 1 year.

A

False

It is RARELY fatal. Everything else there is true.

98
Q

Three major causes of granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Tuberculosis

Blastomycosis

Cryptococcosis

99
Q

What are the defense mechanisms present in the conducting system?

A

Mucociliary clearance, antibodies, lysozyme, mucus

100
Q

Describe the pattern in A-L

A

A - Normal lung

B - Suppurative bronchopneumonia (enzootic pneumonia)

C - Fibrinous bronchopneumonia (shipping fever)

D- Interstitial (diffuse) pneumonia (viral influenza)

E - Embolic pneumonia (bacterial endocarditis)

F - Granulomatous pneumonia (TB / deep-seated mycoses)

G - Tumor metastasis from a nonpulmonary primary site

H - Primary lung tumor with secondary metastases

I - Locally extensive dorsal-diaphragmatic pneumonia (Porcine fibrinous pleuropneumonia)

J - Verminous (parasitic) pneumonia (lung worms)

K - Aspiration pneumonia

L - Hypostatic congestion (prolonged recumbency/downers syndrome)

101
Q

Which stains are used to visualize fungi within tissue sections?

A

GMS (Gomori’s methenamine silver)

PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)

102
Q

Other than necrotizing pneumonia, what does M. bovis cause?

A

Severe chronic fibrinous arthritis

Otitis

Mastitis

Abortion

Keratoconjunctivitis

103
Q

MDx?

EDx?

A

Fibrinous bronchopneumonia

Pneumonic mannheimiosis

104
Q

What dis?

A

Hydatidosis (Echinococcosis)

105
Q

What is/are the causative agent(s) of Bovine enzootic pneumonia?

A

Caused by a number of respiratory viruses, Mycoplasmas, Chamlydophila, FOLLOWED BY oppourtinistic bacteria such as P. multocida, T. pyogenes, H. somni, M. hemolytica and E. coli

106
Q

Diagnosis?

A

Bullous emphysema

107
Q

What is shipping fever?

How important is it?

A

Acute respiratory disease that occurs in cattle several days or weeks after shipment

The most economincally important respiratory disease of cattle in North America. Particularly feedlot cattle.

108
Q

What are some disease that may cause Interstitial pneumonia?

A

Influenza,

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis

PRRS (Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome)

ARDS (Acute respiratory distress syndrome)

109
Q

What parasite of pigs can cause edema, focal subpleural hemorrhages, and interstitial inflammation?

A

Ascaris suum

110
Q

What’s the $270,000 word for “shipping fever”?

A

Pneumonic mannheimiosis

111
Q

Other than viruses, what are some factors known to predispose to bacterial pneumonia?

A

Stress

Dehydration

Pulmonary edema

Uremia

Ammonia

Immunosuppression/immunodeficiency

112
Q

What makes up the trnsitional system, and what cells line it?

A

Exclusively made of the bronchioles which are lined by Club cells, non-ciliated secretory cells, and a few ciliated cells.

113
Q

The majority of nasal cavity neoplasms are benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

114
Q

What is this disease?

What is the causative agent?

What organ is involved?

A

Strangles

Streptococcus equi ssp. equi

Guttural Pounch and lymph node involvement

115
Q

What are we looking at?

What disease do we see this with?

A

Mature sproangia filled with endospores

Granulomatous rhinitis in dogs due to Rhinosporidium seeberi

116
Q

What are the 8 forms of Histophilus somni?

A

Septicemia

Encephalitis

Pneumonia

Pleuritis

Myocarditis

Arthritis

Opthalmitis

Conjuncitvitis

Otitis

Abortion

Ross Vet Pathology 2 (3 decks)

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