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Patho Exam 3 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

This contains alveoli, the site of gas exchange

A

Lung parenchyma

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2
Q

Movement of respiratory gases occurs by

A

Diffusion

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3
Q

This allows for rapid on-loading of oxygen to hemoglobin.

A

Allosteric modulation

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4
Q

This leads to an increased thickness of the partition between air and blood.

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

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5
Q

This leads to an increased thickness of the partition between air and blood.

A

Emphysema or atelectasis

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6
Q

This area of the brain sets the basic rhythm of ventilation.

A

Medulla

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7
Q

This area of the brain modifies the rhythm of ventilation.

A

Pons

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8
Q

This is the major signal that sets the rate and depth of ventilation.

A

CO2

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9
Q

Lung compartments with ventilation but no matching blood supply to participate in gas exchange are referred to as

A

Dead space

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10
Q

Total dead space equals

A

Anatomical dead space (conducting airways) + alveolar dead space (occluded blood flow - pulmonary embolism)

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11
Q

Most common cause of hypoxemia

A

Mismatched ventilation and perfusion

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12
Q

Best measure of alveolar ventilation is

A

CO2

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13
Q

Most common cause of hypercapnia is

A

Hypoventilation

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14
Q

Total ventilation generally matches what?

A

Cardiac output (around 5-6 liters)

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15
Q

Normal range for V/Q is

A

0.6 to 3

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16
Q

V/Q mismatching, unless very severe, is characterized by this without or far in excess of hypercapnia.

A

Hypoxia

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17
Q

This is a measure of lung and chest wall dispensability. Determined by alveolar surface tension and the elastic recoil of the long and chest wall.

A

Compliance

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18
Q

This is the stretchy connective tissue fiber within alveolar walls that contributes to passive deflation of the lungs.

A

Elastin

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19
Q

Resistance to stretchability.

A

Collagen

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20
Q

This works against the compliance factor and occurs at any gas-liquid interface. It refers to the tendency for liquid molecules exposed to air to adhere to one another.

A

Surface tension

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21
Q

This is produced by type-II epithelial cells in alveoli and it acts as a detergent-like substance that helps keep air stretched open.

A

Surfactant

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22
Q

Surfactant reduces this

A

Surface tension

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23
Q

Diseases that have loss of compliance are:

A
  1. Pulmonary fibrosis- increased collagen

2. Pulmonary edema- increased interstitial fluid

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24
Q

Diseases that increase compliance:

A
  1. Emphysema- loss of elastic tissue
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25
Q

Accumulation of air in the pleural space that can result in partial or complete lung collapse.

A

Pneumothorax

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26
Q

Air enters but does not leave pleural space.

A

Tension pneumothorax

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27
Q

Air enters pleural space as a result of chest wall injury or punctures.

A

Secondary (open) pneumothorax

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28
Q

Air-filled blebs/ blisters on lung surface that form and rupture, allowing air to enter the pleural space. It’s most common in smokers.

A

Spontaneous (closed) pneumothorax

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29
Q

Abnormal collection of fluid in pleural cavity.

A

Pleural effusion

30
Q

Accumulation of transudate or fluid coming from different cells.

A

Hydrothorax

31
Q

Exudate that comes from inflammatory processes or immune responses.

A

Empyema

32
Q

Blood pooling into the pleural cavity.

A

Hemothorax

33
Q

Lymph fluid coming into pleural cavity.

A

Chylothorax

34
Q

Collapse of previously expanded lung tissue or incomplete expansion of lungs at birth.

A

Atelectasis.

35
Q

Lung tissue remains uninflated at birth often due to insufficient surfactant .

A

Primary atelectasis

36
Q

Lungs that have been previously been inflated collapse.

A

Secondary atelectasis

37
Q

These disorders are characterized by an increased airway resistance.

A

Obstructive lung disorders

38
Q

Obstructive lung disorders include:

A
  1. Chronic bronchitis
  2. Asthma
  3. Emphysema
39
Q

This is defined by differences between atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure.

A

Flow

40
Q

This is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. It causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, resulting in airway flow obstruction.

A

Asthma

41
Q

This is inflammation of the bronchi. The inflammatory responses impair airflow.

A

Bronchitis

42
Q

This is abnormal permanent enlargement of gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls.

A

Emphysema

43
Q

Type of emphysema that results from inherited deficiency of a-1 antitrypsin that inhibits the action of proteolytic enzymes.

A

Primary emphysema

44
Q

This type of emphysema is caused by inability of body to inhibit proteolytic enzymes in lungs ( from exposure to toxins or cigarette smoke).

A

Secondary

45
Q

This is characterized by lungs that are difficult to inflate. Decreased compliance is the best indicator.

A

Restrictive lung disorder

46
Q

A condition characterized by excess connective tissue, particularly elastin in the lungs. Symptoms include sob, fatigue, weakness, chest discomfort, loss of appetite, and rapid weight loss.

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

47
Q

This is a condition of excess water in the lungs and accumulation of fluid in the extravascular spaces of the lungs.

A

Pulmonary edema

48
Q

Infection of the lower respiratory tract caused by microorganisms.

A

Pneumonia

49
Q

Occlusion of portion of vascular bed by embolus that can be a thrombus, tissue fragment, lipids, or an air bubble.

A

Pulmonary embolism

50
Q

High blood pressure in pulmonary arteries. Often secondary to increased volume or pressure of blood or narrowing/obstruction of vessels.

A

Pulmonary hypertension

51
Q

Right ventricular enlargement. Secondary to pulmonary hypertension caused by disorders of lungs or chest wall.

A

Cor pulmonale

52
Q

A fulminate form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

53
Q

The amount of air that moves into and out of lungs during normal breath.

A

Tidal volume TV

54
Q

The max amount of air that can be inspired in excess of normal TV.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume IRV

55
Q

Max amount that can be exhaled in excess of normal TV.

A

Expiratory reserve volume ERV

56
Q

Air that remains in lungs after forced expiration. Increases with age bc of more air trapping .

A

Residual volume RV

57
Q

Equals the IRV + TV + ERV and is the amount of air that can be exhaled from the point of max inspiration.

A

Vital capacity VC

58
Q

TV + IRV and is amount of air a person can breathe in the beginning at the normal expiratory level.

A

Inspiratory capacity IC

59
Q

RV + ERV and is the volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration

A

Functional residual capacity FRC

60
Q

Sum of all the volumes in the lungs. Total amount of air that the lungs can hold.

A

Total lung capacity

61
Q

Max amount of air that can be rapidly and forcefully exhaled from the lungs after full inspiration.

A

Forced vital capacity

62
Q

Volume of air expired in the first second of FVC.

A

Forced expiratory volume achieved in 1s

63
Q

The gas exchange function of the lungs takes place here

A

Respiratory lobules

64
Q

This is the smallest functional unit of the lung and is supplied by a terminal bronchiole, alveoli, and pulmonary blood vessels.

A

Respiratory lobule

65
Q

This consists on alveolar ducts and sacs and are the terminal air spaces of the respiratory tract and the actual site of gas exchange between the air and the blood.

A

Alveoli

66
Q

In this, blood moves from the venous to the arterial side of the circulation without moving through the lungs. Most often caused by congenital heart defects.

A

Anatomic shunt

67
Q

In this, there is mismatching of ventilation and perfusion within the lung, resulting in insufficient ventilation to provide the oxygen needed to oxygenate the blood flowing through the alveolar capillaries. Most often caused from destructive lung disease that impairs ventilation or from heart failure that interferes with movement of blood through sections of lungs.

A

Physiologic shunt

68
Q

Persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi that is frequently associated with bronchitis.

A

Bronchiectasis

69
Q

Inflammatory obstruction of the bronchioles.

A

Bronchiolitis

70
Q

Chronic bronchitis gives rise to:

A

COPD

Patho Exam 3 (3 decks)

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