Respiratory

Question 1

In a resting horse, which fraction of the total resistance to airflow is in the upper airway?

a. 1/3
b. 1/2
c. 2/3
d. 3/4

Answer 1

c. 2/3

Question 2

Videoendoscopy with the patient at rest allows diagnosis of all the following upper respiratory disturbances except…

a. arytenoid chondritis
b. axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds
c. persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate
d. persistent epiglottic entrapment

Answer 2

a. arytenoid chondritis

Question 3

The intrinsic musculature of the pharynx includes all of the following except the…

a. tensor veli palatini
b. levator veli palatini
c. palatopharyngeus
d. hyoepiglotticus

Answer 3

d. hyoepiglotticus

Question 4

Which of the following extrinsic muscles of the pharynx is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve?

a. genioglossus
b. sternohyoideus
c. thyrohyoideus
d. sternothyroideus

Answer 4

c. thyrohyoideus

Question 5

Rostral pharyngeal collapse has been experimentally reproduced by transecting the tendon of the _______ muscle.

a. tensor veli palatini
b. palatopharyngeus
c. stapharyngeus
d. palatinus

Answer 5

a. tensor veli palatini

Question 6

Staphylectomy, epiglottic augmentation, rostral palatoplasty, and sternohyoides/sternothyroideus myectomy are all treatments for…

a. rostral pharyngeal collapse
b. nasopharyngeal cicatrix
c. dorsal pharyngeal collapse
d. DDSP

Answer 6

d. DDSP

Question 7

Dysfunction of the _____ muscle causes collapse of the pharyngeal roof during dorsal pharyngeal collapse.

a. palatopharyngeus
b. stylopharyngeus caudalis
c. palatinus
d. sternohyoideus

Answer 7

b. stylopharyngeus caudalis

Question 8

Which of the following is not acceptable treatment for nasopharyngeal cicatrix?

a. antiinflammatory meds
b. transendoscopic laser transaction
c. permanent tracheostomy
d. partial arytenoidectomy

Answer 8

d. partial arytenoidectomy

Question 9

Which upper respiratory disturbance may predispose a horse to DDSP as a result of inflammation of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve?

a. pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia
b. elongated soft palate
c. subepiglottic cyst
d. epiglottic hypoplasia

Answer 9

a. pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia

Question 10

What is the maximal length that should be removed from the soft palate during staphylectomy for correction of DDSP?

a. 2mm
b. 5mm
c. 7mm
d. 10mm

Answer 10

b. 5mm

Question 11

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle provides arytenoid abduction by drawing the dorsomedial margins of the arytenoid cartilages together?

a. the cricoarytenoideus lateralis
b. the arytenoideus transversus
c. the thyroarytenoideus
d. the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

Answer 11

b. arytenoideus transversus

Question 12

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve?

a. the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
b. the arytenoideus transversus
c. the cricothyroideus
d. the thyroarytenoideus

Answer 12

c. cricothyroideus

Question 13

A remnant of the thyroglossal duct is thought to cause…

a. dorsal epiglottic abscessation
b. subepiglottic granulomas
c. epiglottis
d. subepiglottic cysts

Answer 13

d. subepiglottic cysts

Question 14

Alone, which recommended treatment for RLN does not improve upper airway noise or return to upper respiratory airflow mechanics to baseline values?

a. laryngoplasty
b. bilateral ventriculocordectomy
c. unilateral laser vocal cordectomy
d. none of the above

Answer 14

b. bilateral ventriculocordectomy

Question 15

Laryngoplasty failure can be corrected by…

a. partial arytenoidectomy
b. ventriculectomy
c. bilateral ventriculocordectomy
d. unilateral laser vocal cordectomy

Answer 15

a. partial arytenoidectomy

Question 16

What is the approximate success rate of partial arytenoidectomy in treating arytenoid chondritis in a racing Thoroughbred?

a. 20-30%
b. 40-50%
c. 60-80%
d. 85-95%

Answer 16

c. 60-80%

Question 17

Which upper airway disturbance is thought to be caused by a developmental abnormality of the fourth branchial arch?

a. a subepiglottic cyst
b. axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds
c. epiglottic retroversion
d. rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch

Answer 17

d. rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch

Question 18

Which nerve/muscle combination is used when performing a neuromuscular-pedicle graft to treat RLN?

a. hypoglossal nerve/hyoepiglotticus muscle
b. first cervical nerve/omohyoideus muscle
c. external branch of the cranial laryngeal nerve/cricothyroideus muscle
d. external branch of the cranial laryngeal nerve/thyroideus muscle

Answer 18

b. first cervical nerve/omohyoideus

Question 19

Which of the following is not a complication of surgical correction of epiglottic entrapment?

a. reentrapment
b. dorsal displacement of the soft palate
c. laceration of the epiglottis
d. epiglottic retroversion

Answer 19

d. epiglottic retroversion

Question 20

Which of the following disorders results in distortion of the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage, causing decreased arytenoid cartilage abduction, axial displacement of the arytenoid cartilage, and rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch?

a. axial deviation of aryepiglottic folds
b. rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch
c. arytenoid chondritis
d. dorsal epiglottic abscessation

Answer 20

c. arytenoid chonrditis