respiratory

Question 1

parts of conductive system

Answer 1

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

Question 2

parts of transitional system

Answer 2

terminal bronchioles

Question 3

parts of gas exchange system

Answer 3

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 4

non-specific immune response

Answer 4

• mucous trapping
• mucociliary clearance
• phagocytosis
• air turbulence- generated by coughing and sneezing

Question 5

specific immune response

Answer 5

• antibody production
• antibody-mediated phagocytosis
• cell- mediated immunity

Question 6

2. respiratory region of nasal cavity (largest part)

Answer 6

• respiratory portion lined by psuedostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
• lamina-propria contains tubulo-alveolar glands- mainly serous with lesser numbers of mucous and mixed glands
• conchae turbinates

Question 7

1. vestibular region of nasal cavity

Answer 7

• initial, external part of nasal cavity
• lined by haired skin and glands
• stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Question 8

3. olfactory region of nasal cavity

Answer 8

• lined with olfactory epithelium, lacks goblet cells
• has neurons, supporting cells. basal cells
• along with respiratory region contain venous plexus with swell bodies

Question 9

mucociliary apparatus

Answer 9

• pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• goblet cells– produce mucinogen granules
• movement of cilia removes mucus with trapped airborne inhaled particles such as dust and microorganisms
• cleaning apparatus of upper respiratory passages

Question 10

larynx

Answer 10

• includes cartilage, vocal folds, skeletal muscle
• initial part of larynx=stratified squamous epithelium
• after vocal cords changes to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 11

trachea

Answer 11

• lined by ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium
• lamina propria and submucosa are clearly not demarcated
• serous glands in lamina propria/submucosa
• cartilagenous rings
• connective tissue adventitia

Question 12

bronchus

Answer 12

• ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• smooth muscle, lamina propria, mixed bronchiole glands
• plates of hyaline cartilage

Question 13

bronchioles

Answer 13

• lack cartilage and glands
• terminal
• respiratory

Question 14

terminal bronchioles

Answer 14

• lined by ciliated cuboidal cells- few to no goblet cells

- muscularis mucosae

Question 15

club “Clara” cells

Answer 15

• in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
• bulge at surface
• secrete surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining patency of airway
• may have immune function

Question 16

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 16

• ciliated cuboidal epithelium
• incomplete muscularis mucosae
• subdivide into alveolar ducts

Question 17

alveolar ducts

Answer 17

• exchange system
• empty into alveolar sacs and alveoli
• walls are lined with simple squamous epithelial cells
• opening surrounded by smooth muscle
• empty into alveolar sacs and alveoli

Question 18

alveolar sacs

Answer 18

• branch from alveolar sacs, lack smooth muscle

- lined by epithelial cells: Pneumocytes type I and pneumocytes type II

Question 19

alveolar pores of Kohn

Answer 19

• neighboring alveoli connect via pores, equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation
• pores allow macrophage passage from one alveolus to another

Question 20

alveolar septum and interstitium

Answer 20

• fibroblasts and capillaries
• collagen type 3
• collagen type 1 always present in conducting airways
• elastic fibers

Question 21

pneumocyte type 1- squamous alveolar type 1 cell

Answer 21

• form walls of alveoli
• 95% alveolar surface area
• thin with occluding junctions to prevent fluid passage
• not mitotic

Question 22

pneumocyte type II- granular alveolar type II cell

Answer 22

• 5% alveolar surface area
• secretory cell
• lamellar bodies produce surfactant
• can be mitotic and produces type 1 and 2 cells

Question 23

surfactant

Answer 23

• phospholipoprotien
• reduces surface tension
• produced by type II cells
• cortisol stimulates production of surfactant in fetus

Question 24

Air-Blood barrier

Answer 24

• cytoplasm of pneumocyte type I covered by surfactant
• two fused basal laminae of alveolar epithelium and endothelium of capillary
• endothelium

Question 25

interalveolar septum

Answer 25

1. granular pneumocyte= great alveolar cell pneumocyte type II
   - granules of surfactant
   - surfactant on surface of alveolar lining
   - cytoplasm of pneumocyte type I
   - pneumocyte type 1

Question 26

pulmonary macrophages

Answer 26

• alveolar macrophages (PAMS)

- intervascular macrophages (PIMS)

Question 27

pleura

Answer 27

• thoracic wall, diaphragm and mediastinum lined by parietal pleura, continuous with mediastinal and visceral pleura covering surfaces of lungs
• pleura is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells- mesothelial cells