Respiratory 5 Flashcards
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
Increasing PaCO2 causes an X in minute ventilation.
deranged
- Increasing PaCO2 causes an increase in minute ventilation.
- This is mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors over the timescale of seconds, and by central chemoreceptors over minutes.
o Peripheral chemoreceptors are the carotid glomus cells, which sense PaCO2 as well as PaO2, pH, temperature and blood pressure
o Central chemoreceptor areas are found in multiple areas of the brain, but are generally said to concentrate in the ventral medulla - The relationship between PaCO2 is fairly linear in the range of 45-80 mmHg; the rate of minute volume increases by 2-5L/min per every 1mm Hg of CO2 increase.
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
how does PaCO2 change alveolar ventilation
deranged
- Increasing PaCO2 causes an increase in minute ventilation.
- This is mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors over the timescale of seconds, and by central chemoreceptors over minutes.
o Peripheral chemoreceptors are the carotid glomus cells, which sense PaCO2 as well as PaO2, pH, temperature and blood pressure
o Central chemoreceptor areas are found in multiple areas of the brain, but are generally said to concentrate in the ventral medulla - The relationship between PaCO2 is fairly linear in the range of 45-80 mmHg; the rate of minute volume increases by 2-5L/min per every 1mm Hg of CO2 increase.
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
o Peripheral chemoreceptors are the X, which sense PaCO2 as well as PaO2, pH, temperature and blood pressure
deranged
- Increasing PaCO2 causes an increase in minute ventilation.
- This is mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors over the timescale of seconds, and by central chemoreceptors over minutes.
o Peripheral chemoreceptors are the carotid glomus cells, which sense PaCO2 as well as PaO2, pH, temperature and blood pressure
o Central chemoreceptor areas are found in multiple areas of the brain, but are generally said to concentrate in the ventral medulla - The relationship between PaCO2 is fairly linear in the range of 45-80 mmHg; the rate of minute volume increases by 2-5L/min per every 1mm Hg of CO2 increase.
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
o Peripheral chemoreceptors are the carotid glomus cells, which sense X
deranged
- Increasing PaCO2 causes an increase in minute ventilation.
- This is mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors over the timescale of seconds, and by central chemoreceptors over minutes.
o Peripheral chemoreceptors are the carotid glomus cells, which sense PaCO2 as well as PaO2, pH, temperature and blood pressure
o Central chemoreceptor areas are found in multiple areas of the brain, but are generally said to concentrate in the ventral medulla - The relationship between PaCO2 is fairly linear in the range of 45-80 mmHg; the rate of minute volume increases by 2-5L/min per every 1mm Hg of CO2 increase.
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
Central chemoreceptor areas are found in multiple areas of the brain, but are generally said to concentrate in the X
deranged
- Increasing PaCO2 causes an increase in minute ventilation.
- This is mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors over the timescale of seconds, and by central chemoreceptors over minutes.
o Peripheral chemoreceptors are the carotid glomus cells, which sense PaCO2 as well as PaO2, pH, temperature and blood pressure
o Central chemoreceptor areas are found in multiple areas of the brain, but are generally said to concentrate in the ventral medulla - The relationship between PaCO2 is fairly linear in the range of 45-80 mmHg; the rate of minute volume increases by 2-5L/min per every 1mm Hg of CO2 increase.
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
- The relationship between PaCO2 is fairly X in the range of X; the rate of minute volume increases by X
deranged
The CO2/ventilation response curve is shifted to the left by metabolic acidosis and hypoxia
Sleep, sedation, anaesthesia and opiates shift the curve to the right and decrease the slope of the curve (i.e. the increase in minute ventilation is reduced per unit rise of CO2)
Age decreases the ventilatory response to CO2
A high level of physical fitness also diminishes hypercapnic respiratory drive
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
The CO2/ventilation response curve is shifted to the x by metabolic acidosis and hypoxia
deranged
The CO2/ventilation response curve is shifted to the left by metabolic acidosis and hypoxia
Sleep, sedation, anaesthesia and opiates shift the curve to the right and decrease the slope of the curve (i.e. the increase in minute ventilation is reduced per unit rise of CO2)
Age decreases the ventilatory response to CO2
A high level of physical fitness also diminishes hypercapnic respiratory drive
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
Sleep, sedation, anaesthesia and opiates shift the curve to the x and x the slope of the curve (i.e. the xin minute ventilation is reduced per unit rise of CO2)
deranged
The CO2/ventilation response curve is shifted to the left by metabolic acidosis and hypoxia
Sleep, sedation, anaesthesia and opiates shift the curve to the right and decrease the slope of the curve (i.e. the increase in minute ventilation is reduced per unit rise of CO2)
Age decreases the ventilatory response to CO2
A high level of physical fitness also diminishes hypercapnic respiratory drive
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
Age x the ventilatory response to CO2
deranged
The CO2/ventilation response curve is shifted to the left by metabolic acidosis and hypoxia
Sleep, sedation, anaesthesia and opiates shift the curve to the right and decrease the slope of the curve (i.e. the increase in minute ventilation is reduced per unit rise of CO2)
Age decreases the ventilatory response to CO2
A high level of physical fitness also diminishes hypercapnic respiratory drive
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
A high level of physical fitness also x hypercapnic respiratory drive
deranged
The CO2/ventilation response curve is shifted to the left by metabolic acidosis and hypoxia
Sleep, sedation, anaesthesia and opiates shift the curve to the right and decrease the slope of the curve (i.e. the increase in minute ventilation is reduced per unit rise of CO2)
Age decreases the ventilatory response to CO2
A high level of physical fitness also diminishes hypercapnic respiratory drive
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
The response to raised PaCO2 is X; about X% of the maximum minute volume change is achieved over X
deranged
The response to raised PaCO2 is rapid; about 75% of the maximum minute volume change is achieved over minutes
At a stable metabolic rate and with minimal inspired CO2 the relationship between minute volume and PaCO2 is described by a hyperbolic curve.
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
At a stable metabolic rate and with minimal inspired CO2 the relationship between minute volume and PaCO2 is described by a x
deranged
The response to raised PaCO2 is rapid; about 75% of the maximum minute volume change is achieved over minutes
At a stable metabolic rate and with minimal inspired CO2 the relationship between minute volume and PaCO2 is described by a hyperbolic curve.
Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
2019 march Q16
examiner comment
deranged
Better answers considered the role of CO2 in the control of alveolar ventilation in terms of sensors, central processing and effectors - with an emphasis on sensors. Features of central and peripheral chemoreceptors should have been described in detail. The PCO2/ventilation response curve is best described using a graph, with key features of the curve identified (including gradient and axes). Various factors affecting the gradient of this curve and how CO2 affects the response to hypoxic drive should be described.
Describe the effects of ageing on the respiratory system.
2019 march Q19
Age-related changes
Airway function and structure
deranged
increased airway reactivity
Decreased ciliary number and activity
Describe the effects of ageing on the respiratory system.
2019 march Q19
Age-related changes
Airway function and structure
Increased airway reactivity
Decreased ciliary number and activity
what is effect of these changes?
deranged
Higher risk of bronchospasm
Bronchospasm requires a lesser stimulus
Clearance of secretions is impaired
