Respiratory Flashcards
What are the primary muscles of respiration (inspiration)
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
What are the primary muscles of respiration (exhalation)
Interior intercostal muscles
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
How many lobes does the right lung have
three lobes
How many lobes does the left lung have
two lobes and lingula
What vertebral level does the trachea divide into left and right main bronchi
T4/T5
Which bronchus is wide, short and vertical
Right main bronchi
Which bronchus is long, narrow, horizontal
Left main bronchi
how does the fetus partake in gas exchange
Through placenta
What causes the closure of the foramen ovale
Relative decrease in pulmonary pressure
What is the shape of the chest of a newborn
Round
What is the physiological reason for a barrel chest in older adults
Loss of muscle strength in thorax and diaphragm
What happens to the alveoli in older adults
Become less elastic causing fatigue and dyspena on exertion
What is the colour range of sputum
Clear, thin (normal) to Orange/rust and thick
Why would a patient use a CPAP machiene
They have Sleep apneia
What condition puts a patient at a higher risk of developing a pulmonary embolism
Diabetes
Pregnancy
What is the common cause of respiratory distress in premature infants
Lack of pulmonary surfactant
How does a pregnancy affect a woman’s ability to breath
The uterus displaces the diaphragm (big baby)
Too much amniotic fluid in uterus makes it too big (polyhydramnios)
What is the order to exam the lungs
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscaltation
What should you look for when inspecting the chest
Shape + symmetry Movement of chest wall Rib prominence Sternal protrusion Spinal deviaiton
What peripheral clues may suggest pulmonary or cardiac difficulties
Fingers: clubbing Breath: bad odor Skin, nails: cyanosis + pallor Lips: Pursing Nostrils: Flaring
What is the normal rate of respiration
12-20 breaths/min
What is Kussmaul breathing
Deep labored breathing, often associated with severe metabolic acidosis
What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing followed by a gradual decrease
What is Biot respiration
Quick shallow breaths followed by periods of apnea
What is paradoxic breathing
Lower thorax is drawn in on inspiration and dawn out on expiration
What is Crepitus
Crackling that can be palpated and herd
Indicates air in subcutaneous tissue
What is Friction rub
Palpable, coarse, grating vibration on inspiration
What is the vibration of the chest wall that results from speech
Tactile fremitus
What is the noise herd when percussing the chest
Resonance
What does hyper-resonance indicate when percussing the chest wall
Hyperinflation
What does dullness indicate when percussing the chest wall
Diminished air exchange
Consolidation
What are the low-pitched, low-intensity sounds heard from healthy lungs
Vesicular
What are moderate pitch, moderate intensity heard over the major bronchi
Bronchovesicular
What are high pitched, high intensity sounds heard over the trachea
Bronchial
What sound is often heard with a large stiff walled pulmonary cavity or tension pneumothorax
Amorphic
What sound is often heard over a pulmonary cavity in which the wall is rigid
Cavernous
What sound is continuous, high pitched and is heard when air is forced through a small ariway
WHeezes
What sound is caused by the passage of air through an airway obstructed by thick secretions
Rhonchi
What sound occurs outside the respiratory tree, low-pitched, grating sound
Friction rub
What causes an increase in Tactile frematus side to side
Consolidation
On the side of consolidation what is to be expected when examining the lungs
Tactile frematus = Increase vibration Percussion = Dull Auscaltation = Louder more intense Vocal Resonance = Easy to hear Egophany (patient says E, but sounds like A)
Condition where puss is outsidde of the lungs
Epmyema
Differences between atalactais and pneumothorax
Atalactasis = segmental collapse, no change in shape Pneumothorax = Air presses/collapses the lung becuacse its in the pleural space
What type of pneumothorax is likely to walk into your office
Spontaneous pneumothorax
what body shape is commonly associated with spontaneous penumothorax
Tall and skinny
Marfan syndrome
Tumor in the apex of the lung
Pancost tumor (broncogenic carcinoma)
Two common types of Bronchitis
Influenza
Viral pneumoia
What is the difference between Mucus produced in TB and a bacterial infxn that causes bleeding
TB = Red/ blood streaked
Bacterial with bleeding = Orange/rusty
what is the procedure to remove mucus from a cystic fibrosis patient
Tapotment
What are physical signs of epigloittis
Tripod position
Drooling
