RESPIRATORY

Question 1

For air to go from inside the alveoli into a RBC inside a capillary, it must go through:

Answer 1

• surfactant
• type 1 alveolar pneumocyte
• fused Basement membrane (a fusion of the basement membrane from the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium) . theres also tiny interstitial space bw these 2 membranes.
• Endotehlieum (lining of cap)
• plasma
• and then it gets to RBC

Question 2

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF GAS EXCHANGE

Answer 2

1. partial pressure difference
2. surface area
3. thickness of blood-gas barrier
4. diffusion coefficient of gas

Question 3

Pneumonia

Percussion

Answer 3

Dullness (solid)

Question 4

Percussion

Pleural effusion

Answer 4

Stony dullness (fluid

Question 5

Percussion

Pneumothorax

Answer 5

Hyper-resonant (air)

Question 6

Percussion

Asthma

Answer 6

Normal (resonant)

Question 7

Percussion

COPD

Answer 7

Hyper-resonant

Question 8

Auscultation

Pneumonia

Answer 8

• Crackles at the base of the lungs

- Bronchial or reduced b/sounds

Question 9

Auscultation

Pleural effusion

Answer 9

Absent breath sounds

Question 10

Auscultation

Pneumothorax

Answer 10

Reduced breath sounds on the affected side

Question 11

Auscultation

Asthma

Answer 11

Expiratory wheeze

Question 12

Auscultation

COPD

Answer 12

May have a wheeze

Question 13

pneumonia

buzzwords

Answer 13

consolidation on imaging

Pleuritic chest pain, rust-coloured sputum, clear vocal resonance

Question 14

pleural effusion

buzzowrds

Answer 14

• Meniscus

- Blunting of the costophrenic angles

Question 15

pneumothorax

buzzwords

Answer 15

basketballer

Question 16

asthma buzzwords

Answer 16

Male children, atopy (hayfever, allergies, eczema), cough worse at night

Question 17

COPD

buzzwords

Answer 17

Pursed lip breathing, barrel chest, extensive smoking history, cough worse in the morning

Hyperinflation of lungs and flattened diaphragm on imaging

Question 18

T8

Answer 18

Inferior vena cava

Question 19

T10

Answer 19

Oesophagus, vagus nerve

Question 20

T12

Answer 20

Aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct

Question 21

salbutamol

Answer 21

SABA

beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonist

MOA: inhibit IP3 to reduce Ca2+ release
AND stimulate phosphorylation of MLC
=relaxes airways

SE:
tachycardia (B1)
muscle tremor (B2 on muscle_

Question 22

salmeterol

Answer 22

LABA

Question 23

eformeterol

Answer 23

LABA

Question 24

LABA

Answer 24

long acting beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists
last 12 hrs

MOA: same as SABA
use with glucocorticoids

Question 25

salmeterol use with

Answer 25

fluticasone

Question 26

eformeterol use with

Answer 26

use with budesonide

Question 27

glucocorticoids

Answer 27

for reduce chronic symptoms and prophylaxis

MOA: transrepression and transactivation

SE (inhaled): cushings, cataracts, glaucoma
SE (oral): thrush

Question 28

amoxillin

Answer 28

block transpeptidase (inhibit cell wall synthesis)

drug of choice for pneumonia

don’t sue with penicillin allergy

Question 29

doxycycline

Answer 29

binds to 30S ribosomal unit , prevent translation

don’t give to kids under 8, preg over 16 wks, hepatotoxicity

Question 30

oseltamivir

Answer 30

neuraminidase inhibitor

Question 31

rifampicin

Answer 31

inhibit RNA polymerase enzyme

use with ison for TB

Question 32

isoniazid

Answer 32

activated by TB, inhibit synthesis of mycolic acids

use with rifam for TB

Question 33

cefuroxine

Answer 33

a cephalosporin

blcok transpeptidase