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APS2 2015 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system runs from the ______ to the _______.

A

The respiratory system runs from the NOSE to the ALVEOLI.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Gas exchange of O2 and CO2
  • Regulates temp and pH
  • Allows speed, crying, laughing, coughing, hiccuping, yawning, sneezing
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3
Q

Do pathogens grow in the lungs? Why?

A

Yes - in the deep recesses of the lungs, it is warm and 100% humidified

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4
Q

The upper respiratory tract is from the ________ upwards.

A

The upper respiratory tract is from the TRACHEA (not including trachea) upwards.

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5
Q

What is the role of the nasal membranes?

A

Humidify air
Secrete mucous
Defence mechanisms

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6
Q

Where does the olfactory mucosa line? Discuss this tissue.

A

Lines superior region of nasal cavity. Contains: olfactory epithelium and stem cells.

Olfactory cells = olfactory receptors + pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (secretes mucous)

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7
Q

Discuss the respiratory mucosa.

A

Lots of mucous is produced by:

  • pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (containing goblet cells)
  • submucosal mucous glands
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8
Q

What is the role of the nasal conchae?

A 
Increase SA
Create turbulence (which aids in trapping particles)
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9
Q

How much mucous is produced per day? What is it’s composition? What happens to the mucous?

A

1 L per day (when not sick)

Mucous is sticky to trap pathogens/dust. Contains lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme).

Moved posteriorly and swallowed - in stomach, gastric acid kill microbes

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10
Q

What do defensins do?

A

Secreted by respiratory mucosa. They are antimicrobial peptides - immune response to bacteria, some viruses, some fungi.

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11
Q

What is the role of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Warm and moisten air

Lighten skull

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12
Q

Mucous ________ air due to ___________. This is important as otherwise __________.

A

Mucous HUMIDIFIES air due to IT’S HIGH WATER CONTENT. This is important as otherwise THE COLD AIR WOULD KILL DELICATE ALVEOLI CELLS.

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13
Q

The oral cavity is shared between the _______________.

A

The oral cavity is shared between the GI AND RESPIRATORY TRACTS.

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14
Q

The oral cavity contains what type of tissue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

What is the role of the uvula?

A

Prevents back flow of fluid from the oropharynx into the nasopharynx.

Involved in speech

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16
Q

The pharynx runs from _____ to _______. The _________ is posterior to the ___________, is a passage for _________, and contains ___________ epithelium. The oropharynx and laryngopharynx is a passage for ___________ and is made of ________________ epithelium.

A

The pharynx runs from THE SKULL BASE to C6. The NASOPHARYNX is posterior to the NASAL CAVITY, is a passage for AIR ONLY, and contains PSEUDO-STRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR epithelium. The oropharynx and laryngopharynx is a passage for AIR AND FOOD (COMMON PASSAGEWAY) and is made of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS epithelium.

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17
Q

The dedicates respiratory tree begins at the ________.

A

The dedicates respiratory tree begins at the LARYNX.

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18
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • Speech
  • Provides patent (unobstructed) airway
  • Separation of food and air (food moves down oesophagus, air moves from larynx to trachea)
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19
Q

The epiglottis is made of _________ and is located __________. It closes of the ________ when _________ which ______________.

A

The epiglottis is made of ELASTIC CARTILAGE and is located ABOVE THE GLOTTIS. It closes of the TRACHEA when SWALLOWING which PROTECTS THE AIRWAYS FROM INHALATION OF FOOD.

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20
Q

The glottis is _____________ and can be consciously ___________ which is known as the ____________, to increase ____________.

A

The glottis is THE SPACE BETWEEN VOCAL CORDS and can be consciously CLOSED OFF which is known as the VALSALVA MANOEUVRE, to increase INTRAABDOMINAL PRESSURE (DURING DEFACATION AND LIFTING).

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21
Q

How are irritants encountered in the respiratory system?

A
  • Nasal sensory epithelium (causes sneezing)
  • Larynx (receptors sensitive to anything other than gas - causes strong cough reflex)
  • Carina has a strong cough reflex
  • Increased mucous production traps and expels pathogens
  • Smooth muscle spasm in smaller airways
22
Q

What is the last line of defence in the respiratory system?

A

Macrophages

23
Q

What are the lobes of the lungs?

A

Right lung = 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)

Left lung = 2 lobes (superior, inferior) + cardiac notch

24
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A 
Superiorly = clavicle and 1st rib
Inferiorly = 8th rib
25
Q

Where is intubation/section tubing placed

A

Approx 25mm proximal to carina at T4/T5

26
Q

The left main bronchus is ________, _________ and ____________.

The right main bronchus is ________, _________ and ____________.

A

The left main bronchus is ANGLED, NARROWER and LONGER THAN RIGHT.

The right main bronchus is STRAIGHTER, WIDER and SHORTER THAN LEFT.

27
Q

Which bronchus are objects more likely to be lodge in?

A

Right main bronchus

28
Q

Are pulmonary tissues supplied by lymphatics? If so, what is their function?

A

Yes. They have an immune function, and drain excess fluid from the lung (into subclavian veins).

29
Q

Where is the conducting zone? What is it’s function? What is it’s structure?

A

Runs from nose to terminal bronchioles

To get air in and out (not gas exchange)

Cartilaginous rings up to end of bronchi. Smooth muscle replaces cartilage in bronchioles. Ciliated mucous membrane.

30
Q

Where is the respiratory zone? What is it’s function? What is it’s structure?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Where gas exchange occurs

No cilia. No mucous membranes. No cartilage. Lots more smooth muscle and elastic fibres (but NOT at terminal bronchioles)

31
Q

Are bacterial infections more likely to occur in the conducting or respiratory zones? Why?

A

Respiratory zones. There are fewer defences here as they would decrease the gas exchange.

32
Q

Alveoli are made of what type of tissue?

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

33
Q

True or false? The trachea is immobile.

A

FALSE!

Trachea is flexible and mobile (moves up and down with respiratory movement)

34
Q

What are the layers of the trachea (from in to out).

A

Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage adventitia.

35
Q

The mucosa of the trachea contains _________.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

Thick lamina propria (CT)

36
Q

The submucosa of the trachea contains _________.

A

Connective tissue layer containing seromucosal glands (produce mucous)

37
Q

The adventitia of the trachea contains _________.

A

Connective tissue, reinforced internally by hyaline cartilage

38
Q

What is the role of the posterior smooth muscle band in the trachea?

A

Allows compression of trachea as food and fluid pass down oesophagus.

39
Q

How can the effects of the mucocilliary escalator be diminished?

A

Cold air - can paralyse cilia (lose function)

Smoking - cilia become covered in tar (they are paralysed) - can cause persistent airway and lung damage

40
Q

Describe the structure at alveoli

A
  • Many capillaries wrap around alveoli
  • Elastic fibres assists alveoli to decrease in size during expiration
  • Not much smooth muscle
  • 2 types of alveoli cells (Type 1, for gas exchange; and Type II, synthesise surfactant)
41
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

P1V1 = P2V2

42
Q

Is it possible to commit suicide by voluntarily ceasing breathing? Why?

A

No. As O2 levels drops, the CNS begins to shut down (lose consciousness) BUT breathing is automatically stimulated by breathing centres in brain stem

43
Q

The ___________ pleura is attached to the __________.

The ___________ pleura is attached to the __________.

The ____________ is the space between these two layers and contains _____________.

A

The VISCERAL pleura is attached to the LUNGS.

The PARIETAL pleura is attached to the CHEST WALL.

The INTRAPLEURAL SPACE is the space between these two layers and contains FLUID.

44
Q

What are these pressure values (at end of _________)

  • atmospheric pressure
  • intrapleural pressure
  • intrapulmonary pressure
  • transpulmonary pressure
A

At end of NORMAL EXPIRATION

  • atmospheric pressure 0mmHg
  • intrapleural pressure -4mmHg
  • intrapulmonary pressure 0mmHg
  • transpulmonary pressure 4mmHg
45
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

Net negative pressure between the VISCERAL (lung’s tendency to collapse due to recoil + alveolar surface tension) and PARIETAL pleura (due to elasticity of chest wall), due to surface tension between the two layers.

46
Q

What is intrapleural pressure? Is also known as ____________.

A

AKA, intra-alveolar pressure.
The pressure within the lungs
During inspiration = less than atmospheric pressure
During expiration = more than atmospheric pressure
End of expiration = qual to atmospheric pressure

47
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

The inflating pressure (keeps the lungs inflated)

Equal to intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure

48
Q

A pressure change of __________ is required to produce the tidal volume of __________.

A

2 mmHg

500 mL

49
Q

As intrapulmonary pressure decreases, the transpulmonary gradient _________, and the alveoli ________.

A

As intrapulmonary pressure decreases, the transpulmonary gradient WIDENS, and the alveoli EXPAND.

50
Q

What muscles are recruited during heavy breathing inspiration? What does this achieve?

A 
Sternocleidomastoid
Levator scapulae
Scalene
Pectorals minor
Erector spinae

Lifts the ribcage, enlarges thoracic volume

51
Q

What muscles are recruited during heavy breathing inspiration? What does this achieve?

A

Internal intercostals muscles (ribs inwards and inferiorly)

External oblique, internal oblique, transverses abominons, rectus abominons - push abdominal visera superiorly agitants diaphragm

Decreases thoracic volume

APS2 2015 (3 decks)

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