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Nicky Respiratory BMS192 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

A

GAS EXCHANGE
Oxygen in
Carbon dioxide out

HELPS REGULATE pH

OTHER

  • smell
  • filter
  • vocal sounds
  • excrete water & heat
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2
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A
  • warms & moistens air
    Prevents dehydration by trapping water droplets
  • detects olfactory stimuli
  • modifies speech
  • paranasal sinuses
    Mucous membranes
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3
Q

Conducting & respiratory portions of the lungs

A

CONDUCTING PORTION

  • interconnection cavities & tubes
  • conduct air into lungs
  • filter, warm & moisten air

RESPIRATORY PORTION
- tissues where gas exchange occurs

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4
Q

What structures comprise the larynx?

A
  • thyroid cartilage
  • hyaline cartilage
  • epiglottis
  • cricoid cartilage
  • arytenoid cartilage
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5
Q

How are vocal sounds produced?

A

Ventricular folds (false vocal cords)

Vocal folds (true vocal cords)

Vocal folds vibrate & produce sounds when stretched, narrowing the glottis.

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6
Q

What are the pleura?

A
  • parietal pleura
    Lines the thoracic cavity
  • visceral pleura
    Covers the lungs
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7
Q

What are the structures of the lung lobule?

A
  • lobules with terminal bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles….
  • branch into respiratory bronchioles….
  • subdivide into alveolar ducts
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8
Q

Which structures make up the alveoli sacs?

A

2 or more alveoli that share a common opening

Open to alveolar duct

Alveolar cells

  • Type 1 gas exchange
  • Type 2 secrete fluid

Alveolar macrophages

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9
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Gas exchanged across the membrane by diffusion

Has 4 layers

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10
Q

What are the steps in respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
    - in/out air from atmosphere & lungs
  2. External respiration
    - blood gains O2 & loses CO2
  3. Internal respiration
    - blood in capillaries loses O2 & gains CO2
    - tissue cells gain O2 & lose CO2 (cellular respiration)
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11
Q

How do we inhale?

A
  • pressure in the lungs must be less than the atmosphere
  • volume of lungs increases to lower lung pressure
  • BOYLE’s LAW volume of gas varies inversely with pressure
  • diaphragm muscle is extremely important
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12
Q

Lung pressures

A

INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE

  • pressure in pleural cavity
  • caused by changes in the alveolar pressure
  • important for the process of lung tissue expansion

ALVIOLAR PRESSURE

  • active process due to use of muscular contractions
  • alviolar pressure less than atmospheric pressure
  • ain’t moves out of lungs
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13
Q

How do we exhale?

A
  • lung pressure must be greater than the atmosphere
  • passive process when resting or quiet breathing
  • resulting from elastic recoil (elastic fibres)
  • surface tension due to alviolar fluid (surfactant)
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14
Q

What are 2 important factors that contribute to the alveoli’s capacity to inflate?

A

-surface tension of alveolar fluid (surfactant reduces surface tension)

  • compliance of the lung
    Amount of effort needed to stretch lungs & thoracic wall
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15
Q

What factors alter ventilation capacity?

A

AIRWAY RESISTANCE

  • Increased bronchi constriction
  • Decreased dilation

MODIFIED RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS

  • Emotions
  • Expel foreign bodies from lower air passage (cough, sneeze)
  • Talking & singing
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16
Q

How do we measure lung function?

A 
TIDAL VOLUME (VT)
- volume of 1 breath
MINUTE VENTILATION (MV)
- breathing rate X tidal volume

SPIROMETER
- measures resp rate

ALVEOLAR VENTILATION RATE
- volume of air/min that reaches the alveoli

17
Q

Lung volumes

A

INSPIRATORY RESERVE
- extra amount inhaled

EXPIRATORY RESERVE
- extra a mound exhaled

RESIDUAL VOLUME
- amount of air in the lungs after expiratory reserve volume is exhaled

18
Q

Lung capacities

A

INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
- VT + inspiratory reserve volume

FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY
- residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

VITAL CAPACITY
- inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

19
Q

What is internal respiration?

A
  • systemic gas exchange
  • occurs in tissues
  • based on PO2 & PCO2 of tissues & blood in capillaries
20
Q

What is external respiration?

A

PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE

  • diffusion of O2 to the alveoli in pulmonary capillaries
  • diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction

CONVERTS DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TO OXYGENATED BLOOD

21
Q

What is DALTON’s law & HENRY’s law?

A

DALTON’s LAW

  • partial pressure
  • pressure of a specific gas in a mixture
  • gases move down their pressure gradient regardless of the presence of other gases

HENRY’s LAW

  • gases diffuse into a liquid base on their partial pressure & solubility into the liquid
  • oxygen is less soluble than CO2
22
Q

How do gases move across the respiratory membrane?

A
  • partial pressure of the gas (difference)
  • surface area available for gas exchange
  • molecular weight & solubility of the gas
  • diffusion difference
23
Q

How is O2 transported in the blood?

A
  • most O2 is transported by haemoglobin 98.5%
  • oxyhemoglobin = Hb + O2
  • deoxyhaemoglobin has a high affinity for O2
  • ability to bind O2 depends on PO2
  • percent saturation of Hb = average
24
Q

What factors effect Hb affinity for O2?

A

ACIDITY (pH)

  • pH decreases, affinity for O2 increases
  • more O2 available to tissues

PCO2 EFFECTS Hb AFFINITY FOR O2

  • PCO2 increases, Hb releases 9w easier
  • acidity & PCO2 related
  • buffer system (carbonic anhydrase)
25
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A 
- by blood plasma
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
  • dissolved CO2
  • bound to amino acids
    Carbaminohemoglobin (Hb-CO2)
26
Q

How is respiration controlled?

A

3 clusters of neurons

  • medullary rhythmicity area of the medulla oblongata
  • pneumotaxic area in the pons
  • apneustic are in the pons
27
Q

How is respiration modified?

A

CORTICAL INFLUENCES

  • voluntary to a point (hold breath)
  • protective mechanism
  • limited be PCO2 & H+ increase
  • hypothalamus & limbic systems
  • altered resp results from emotional changes

CHEMORECEPTORS

  • respond to changes in chemical levels
  • CNS (medulla oblongata)
  • PNS (walls of L & R carotid arteries)
  • sense changes in PO2, H+ & PCO2
28
Q

What are the 2 buffer systems?

A

Arterial blood pH is normally 7.35-7.45

BLOOD BUFFER SYSTEM

  • carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system
  • exhalation CO2, decreases H+
  • COS + H2O ->H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3-
PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM
- albumin in plasma
- functional group amino acids
     Amines- base
     Carboxyl- acid
29
Q

What happens when acid-base is imbalanced?

A

ACIDOSIS

  • blood pH 7.45
  • over excitability of CNS & peripheral nerves

RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION
- hypo or hyperventilation

Nicky Respiratory BMS192 (1 decks)

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